4-5 Tomato, Climate and Soil

Climate and soil
• a warm season crop.

• The optimum range 20-24c.
• 16c and above 27c are not desirable.
• Lycopene- 21-24co highest ,drops off above 27c.
• Soil :drained, fertile, rich in organic matter with a fair water- holding
capacity is ideal.
• sandy loam –early crop.
• Heavy soils rich in organic matter.
• soil - pH 6.0-7.0.
• moderately tolerant -(pH 5.5).
Preparation of field
• 4-5ploughing .
• Leveling should be done.
Nutrient requirement and
management
• NPK large amount.
• nitrogen increases fruit quality, fruit size, keeping
quality, color and taste.
• High level of phosphorus -development and for better
of water and other nutrients.
• Phosphorus effect on increasing number of flower.
• Potassium is also required for growth, yield and
quality.
• For successful crop, application of about 20 tone fym,
90-100kg N, 60-70kg P2O5 and 50-60kg K2O /ha is
required.
• 1/3N of all P and K before transplanting.
• The remaining N applied in 25-30 and 45-50
days after transplanting.
• Application of urea as foliar spray (1.25%) gave
better plant growth, fruit yield and quality.
• Zn, Cu and B significantly increased the
number of fruits, yield and quality.
• Application of 20-30 kg/ha of borax and 0.5%
Zn is beneficial for yield and good quality of
fruit.
Tomato varieties suitable for different
purposes
•

Varieties for fresh market Pusa Early Dwarf, Pusa Ruby, Pusa
120,T 1 , KS 2 , Pant T 3 , Arka Vikas,
Arka Saurabh , CO 3, BT 12 , Punjab
Kesari , Sel 6, Sel 7 Sel 32 ,Pantbahar
• Varieties for long distance transport All F1 hybrids, Pusa Gaurav, Roma,
Punjab Chhuhera, Pusa Uphar,
Labonita
• Varieties for processing Pusa Gaurav, Pusa Hybrid 2, Roma ,
Punjab Chhuhara, Pusa Uphar, Arka
Saurabh
• Varieties resistant to a biotic stresses Pusa sheetal (IARI)__ Low
temperature regime Pusa Hybrid 1
(IARI) ___ High temperature regime
Pusa Sadabahar (IARI)__ High
Temperature regime Pusa Sadabahar
(IARI) __ High and low temperature
regime.
Cropping systems
• Tomato - fitted in different cropping systems ,

• include cereals, grains and oil seeds.
• Cauliflower- tomato- okra.
• Sunflower-cabbage-tomato.
• Maize-tomato- watermelon.
• rice-tomato.
• rice-maize.
• Okra-potato-tomato.
• tomato-onion.
• Under sequential intercropping system palak or radish .

Nursery
• 225m2 for one hectare land.
• 7.5m long x 1.00m and 10-15cm height.
• 3kg/m2 FyM.
• 0.5kg NPK of 15:15:15 per bed at least 10 days
before sowing.
• 400-500 and 125-175g seeds /hectare land.
• Treatment with fungicide like Captain or Ceresin
or Thiaram @2g/kg seed.
• The seed beds are also treated with steam or ½
litter of 40% formalin/m2 soil.
Transplanting
• Seedlings 4-5 weeks after seeding in nursery

beds.
• Hardened.
• Hardening can -by adding 4000 ppm NaCl to
the irrigation water or spray of 2000ppm
cycocel + ZnSo4 (0.25%).
• Planting spacing 60cm x 45cm, 75cm x 60cm
and 75cm x75cm.
video
Tomato form
Shishem bagh form
Irrigation
• moisture throughout their growth period.
• First irrigation is required soon after transplanting.
• blossoms off.
• Irrigate 3-4days during summer , 10-15days during
winter.
• drought follow by sudden heavy irrigation may cause
cracking of the fruits.
• Drip irrigation of tomato increases the yield as
compared to furrow method.
• Sprinkler irrigation.
• Maintenance of optimum moisture .
Weed control
• Two hand hoeing after transplanting and an
earthling.
• Herbicide is economical: like Metribuzin at
0.35kg /ha, Fluchloralin 1.25kg/ha.
• Pendimethalin 1.0kg/ ha, as pre-emergence
application + one hand weeding at 45days
after transplanting .
Use of plant growth regulators
• Use for yield, quality ,earliness, cold and high
temperature ,fruit setting.
• Seed treatment with
a. 25-50ppmB-naphthoxy-acetic acid (BNOA)
b. 5-20ppmGibberellic acid (GA3) and 10-20ppm
chlorophenoxy acetic acid improve in growth and yield of
tomato.
• Seedlings soaked for 24 hours in NAA at 0.1ppm showed

higher fruit set and increased early and total yield.
• Foliar application of GA3 at 10ppm, NAA 1000ppm,
• Cytozyme at 1.25% were reported to increase in fruit yield.
Chemicals Common Doses Effective
Name (mg/litter)
2, Chloroethyl Ethephen 200-500 whole Flowering, better
Phospionie acid plant spray rooting and setting of plants
2, Chloroethyl Cycocel 500-1000 flower buds, Pigment formation,
increase Fruit set
2, 4 dichloro/ 2, 4-D 2-5 seed treatment, Increase fruit set earliness
Phenoxy acetic acid whole plant spray parthenocarpy
3 Indole butyric acid 1 BA 50-100 Increase fruit set
3 Indole acetic acid 1 AA Foliage spray fruit size and yield
Napthalene acetic acid NAA
Parachlorophenoxy PCPA 50 foliar spray fruit set under adverse

acetic acid
6-4, In hydroxy methyl CA 50-100 Elongate shoot growth

8 methyl gibberline foliar spray
• 50ppm IAA or 1% borax gave better fruit set in
summer.
• Affect the physiological process maturity and
better quality fruits.
pruning
• Pruning and training is generally followed in
indeterminate tomatoes.
• Pruning - removing the unwanted growth of plants.

• Improve the size, shape and other qualities of the
fruits.
• Pruning also breaks the apical dominance, eliminates
(decrease) the crown set and enhances the plant vigor.
• The plants are trained with wires, strings or stacks.

Video(grafting)
Shishem bagh form
fruit
• Tomato is a climacteric fruit.
• During ripening, colour, flavour, aroma, texture and composition of
tomato fruits change at very fast rate.
• The start of maturation and ripening results in the production of

ethylene and CO2.
• In order to enhance the ripening of fruits, ethrel (1,000ppm) can be

sprayed on the plants at the time of initiation of ripening.
• An early spray may damage the foliage and reduce the size of fruits.
Use of ethrel
Pruning video
Harvesting and yield
• In indeterminate cultivars, fruits can normally be harvested
70-100 days after planting.
• Determinate cultivar may begin fruit at 70 days depending
on the environmental condition.
• Immature green state, mature green, turn pink or half ripe
or over ripe.
• Fruits are normally picked at an interval of 4-5 days in
summer .
• Winter crop picking should be at weekly interval.
• Average yield of open pollinated varieties ranges from 20-
25 t/ha.
• Hybrid varieties may yield up to 50 t/ha or more under
normal condition.
Cracking
• Radial cracking is more damaging as
compared to concentric cracking.
• Use of resistant varieties like Sioux, Manulucie
and picking of fruit before full ripening
reduces the incidence of cracking.
Storage and marketing
• Tomatoes can be stored in low temperature and
evaporative cool storage.
• Pre-cooling of tomato.
• Tomato fruits at mature green stage could be stored

successfully at 12°-13° C in polythene bags for 4-5
weeks.
• Storage-life of tomatoes could be increased by keeping

in evaporative cool storage (zero energy).
Plant protection
• Bacterial wilt
• Lower leaves may drop before wilting:
-Plants are stunted with yellow leaves.
-Pith of root is dark-brown to black in colour
and water soaked.
-Use of resistant varieties.
Disorders
3 Sprays 15days interval
Blossom
Early blightend rot: water soaked spots appear at the point of attachment and enlarge
rapidly. This disease occurs due to reduced soil-moisture especially at fruit
Mancozeb 0.25%
• Plant protection calender

Captafol 0.2%
Zineb 0.2%
3 Sprays15days interval
Buck eye rot
Chlorothalonil 0.2%

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Climate and soil

• a warm season crop.

• Tomato - fitted in different cropping systems ,

• Under sequential intercropping system palak or radish .

• Seedlings 4-5 weeks after seeding in nursery

• Seedlings soaked for 24 hours in NAA at 0.1ppm showed

Parachlorophenoxy PCPA 50 foliar spray fruit set under adverse

6-4, In hydroxy methyl CA 50-100 Elongate shoot growth

• Pruning - removing the unwanted growth of plants.

• The plants are trained with wires, strings or stacks.

• The start of maturation and ripening results in the production of

• In order to enhance the ripening of fruits, ethrel (1,000ppm) can be

• Tomato fruits at mature green stage could be stored

• Storage-life of tomatoes could be increased by keeping

• Plant protection calender

3 Sprays 15days interval

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