Lesson No. 2
Lesson No. 2
Lesson No. 2
2
TRANSMISSION LINES
LESSON OBJECTIVES: AT THE END OF THE LESSON, THE STUDENT
WOULD BE ABLE TO
1. Discuss the components of power transmission
2. Explain the parameters of transmission lines
3. Calculate the geometric mean radius and distance of single and
stranded transmission conductors
A typical transmission lines
Principal Elements of a High Voltage Transmission Line
1. Conductor
2. Transformer
3. Line Insulator
4. Support:
a. wood poles
b. concrete poles
c. steel tower/steel poles
5. Protective Device:
a. circuit breaker Device
b. fuse cut-off
c. relays
d. Ground wire
e. lightning Arrester
6. Voltage Control Device
7. Other Equipment for voltage control System
Types of Conductors:-
Mainly we are having four types of conductors.
1. Solid conductors.
2. Homogeneous Stranded conductors.
3. Composite Stranded conductors
4. Bundled conductors
Solid conductor:
1. Solid conductors is single piece of conductor
2. These conductors may be of copper (or) Aluminum
3. It is having high mechanical strength and tensile strength
4. Circular solid conductor will be preferred to make electrical field
same throughout the surface of the conductor.
5. There is no application of solid conductors as transmission lines
6. Flat (or) solid conductors are used for power transformer
winding
Homogeneous stranded conductors
A number of strands are taken and are twisted together to increase
the current carrying capacity by maintaining the same operating
voltage.
1. All strands are of same material
2. Compared to stranded conductor it is having high mechanical
strength and low tensile strength.
3. Stringing is easy in stranded conductor so transportation is easy
Composite stranded conductor
Strands of different materials are twisted together to form the stranded
conductor. Its purpose is to improve the tensile strength.
1. As the layer size is increased, the number of strands increase in the
following manner : 1+6+12+24+30+…
2. If d is the diameter of each conductor and n is the number of layers
then the diameter of the stranded conductor is
D = (2n – 1) d
3. Generally ACSR conductor is represented by x/y
x = number of aluminum Or steel strand
y = number of aluminum or steel strand
In power conductor the aluminum strand is greater than the steel strand
Bundled conductor
When voltage is above 230kV, corona loss and interference with the
communication lines is more. Corona occurs when the surface
potential gradient of a conductor exceeds the dielectric strength of
the surrounding air. This causes ionization of the area near the
conductor. The high voltage surface gradient is reduced by using
two or more conductors per phase in close proximity. This is called
conductor bundling.
Line to neutral
Capacitance of 3 phase line with equilateral spacing
For three phase unsymmetrical spacing
Effects of ground (three phase)
Bundled conductors
EXAMPLE NO. 3
1. Find the capacitive susceptance per mile of a single-phase line
operating at 60 Hz. The conductor is DRAKE , and spacing is 20 ft
between centers.
2. A three phase TL has flat horizontal spacing with 2 meters
between adjacent conductors. At a certain instant the charge on
one of the outside conductors is 60uC/Km and the charge on the
center conductor and on the other outside conductor is
-30uC/Km. the radius of each conductor is 0.9 cm. neglect the
effect of the ground and find the voltage drop between the two
identically charged conductor at the instant specified.
3. Calculate the capacitance to neutral per meter of a single phase
line composed of two single conductor having a diameter of 0.229
inch. The conductors are 10 ft apart and 25 feet above the ground.
4. A three phase 60hz line has flat horizontal spacing. The
conductors have an outside diameter of 3.28 cm with 12m between
conductors. Determine the capacitive reactance to neutral in ohm-
meter and the capacitive reactance of the line in ohms if its length
is 130 miles.
a. Assume negligible ground effect
b. If ground effect is considered if the conductor is placed 20m
from the ground
5. determine the capacitance and charging current per Km of the
460Kv line using two bundle conductor per phase. The diameter of
each conductor is 5cm
6. Six conductors of double circuit transmission line are arranged
as shown. the conductor used is OSTRICH. Find the capacitive
reactance to neutral and the charging current per km per phase at
132KV and 60Hz, assuming that the line is regularly transposed.
Neglect the effect of earth.
ASSIGNMENT NO. 2
1. A three phase 60Hz DOVE TL has its conductors arranged in a
triangular formation so that two of its conductors are 30 feet and
the third is 50 feet. Determine the capacitance to neutral and
capacitive to neutral in miles.
2. Determine the capacitance of the arrangement shown
a. if the effect of the earth is neglected
b. If the effect of the earth is considered. The height of the
conductors is 10 meters from the ground and each has a radius
of 5cm
Voltage and Current relations on
Transmission Lines
The transmission lines are categorized as three types
1) Short transmission line– the line length is up to 80 km and the
operating voltage is < 20 kV.
2) Medium transmission line– the line length is between 80 km to 160
km and the operating voltage is > 20 kV and < 100kV
3) Long transmission line – the line length is more than 160 km and
the operating voltage is > 100 kV
Whatever may be the category of transmission line, the main aim is to
transmit power from one end to another. Like other electrical system,
the transmission network also will have some power loss and voltage
drop during transmitting power from sending end to receiving end.
Due to smaller distance and lower line voltage, the capacitance
effect are extremely small and can be neglected. Its performance
depends on the resistance and inductance of the line.. Through in
an actual line, the resistance and inductance are distributed over
the whole length but in case of short lines, the total resistance and
inductance are assumed to be lumped at one place.
For short length, the shunt capacitance of this type of line is
neglected and other parameters like electrical resistance and
inductor of these short lines are lumped, hence the equivalent
circuit is represented as given in the next slide.
For convenience, it is considered that the parameters of the conductors are
lumped into one conductor, and the return conductor is assumed to have no
resistance and inductive reactance.
The sending end voltage
Vs = VR + IsZL
Sending power factor
pfs = cos (θIS - θVS)
Sending power
Ps = VsIspfs
= PR + PLOSS
PLOSS = I2sZLINE
Voltage regulation = Vs – VR / VR
The lower the voltage regulation, the better it is because little
variation in receiving end voltage due to the variation in load
current.
Regulation is defined as the change in voltage at the receiving end
(load) when the full load is thrown off, the sending end (supply)
frequency remaining unchanged.
Eff = PR / PR + PLOSS (line losses)
Where PR = VRIRcos θR
Using the phasor diagram with IR as the reference point
EXAMPLE NO. 4
1. A 10 mile, 60hz single phase TL using DOVE conductor equilaterally
spaced with 5 feet spacing between centers. It delivers 2500KW at
13.8KV to a balance load.
a. Determine the per phase impedance of the line
b. What must be the sending end voltage when the power factor is 0.866
lagging, Unity power factor and 0.9 leading
c. Determine the percent regulation of the line at different power factor
d. Transmission efficiency
e. Draw the phasor diagram depicting the operation of the line in each
case.
Assume wire temperature to be 50oC
2. A single phase line is transmitting 1100KW power to a factory at
11KV and at 0.8 lagging. It has a total resistance of 2Ω and a
reactance of 3Ω. Determine the voltage at the sending end,
percentage regulation and efficiency.
Three phase short TL:
The assumption on short 3 phase TL are
1. System is Y connected
2. Transmission is balance
3. Per phase basis
Sending power, Ps = √3 VsIspfs
Or Ps = 3 VSN Is pfs
Receiving power = √3 VR IR pfR
Or PR = 3 VRN IR pfR
For Y connected, Is = IR
VSN = Vs/ √3
VSN = sending end to neutral
VRN = receiving end to neutral
PLOSS = 3IS2 R
3. A 20 mile, three phase transmission line is composed of
336.4MCM, 26/7 ACSR strand. The conductor are spaced
horizontally with 3 ft between adjacent conductor. It is supplying a
balanced load of 4000KW at 13.8KV with 0.866 lagging power factor
at 60HZ
a. Calculate the sending end voltage and the power factor
b. Voltage regulation of the line
c. Efficiency of the TL
d. If a capacitor bank is connected in parallel with the load that
draws a line current of 120A, calculate the sending end voltage
and the sending end power factor.
Medium length transmission lines
Using the circuit constant
VS = A V R + B I R
IS = C V R + D I R
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