A BRIEF DISCOURSE ON SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

SYSTEM
 PRESENTATION ORGANIZED BY:

NAME REGISTRATION NO
Sayan Makur D202104443
Rohit Banerjee D202104442
Shikha Bauri D202104444
Soumili Dutta D202104447
Soumyadeep Roy D202104448
Sourav Halder D202104449
Souvik Das D202104450
Souvik Mukherjee D202104451
Suprabhat Mondal D202104452
Tanmay Majumdar D202104454
 ENTIRE PROCESSING OF
PROGRESSION OF TRAJECTORIES
IMPRINTED

UNDER THE DEEP GUIDANCE AND

SUPERVISION OF
MR. RATHINDRA NATH BISWAS
Contents:-
› Introductions
› Working
› Orbits
› Frequency Band for Satellite System
› Launched Satellites by Humans
› Advantages of Satellite Communication System
› Disadvantages of Satellite Communication System
› Applications
› Conclusion
 Introduction
The word “Satellite” originated from the Latin word
“Satellite”- meaning an attendant one who is constantly
hovering around attending to a “Master”.

A Satellite is simply any body that moves around another

(usually much large) one in a mathematically predictable path
called an orbit.
WHAT MOTIVATED SCIENTISTS TO LOOK FOR THE DISCOVERY OF A
NEW COMMUNICATION SYSTEM BASED UPON SATELLITE:

As the early conventional system employed for communication using radio waves from
transmitter to receiver involved a number of drawbacks that were directly related to the
trajectories propagation problems such as the propagation of waves across the LINE OF
SIGHT(LOS) got largely affected as any kind of obstacle with paramount height and width
like mountain or hilly region or anything as such could seriously reflect back the entire
propagated wave causing serious trouble in the middle of transmission .Hence there was a
dire need for a well developed profound system of communication that could be employed
as a communication relay or repeater and could be a well approached solution to the whole
subject and henceforth the concept of using GEOSTATIONARY EARTH ORBITS came
into play to be put as a location of some satellite systems to be solely used for the sake of
communication.

IF A TRANSMITTINGN STATION CAN’T COMMUNICATE DIRECTLY WITH

ONE OR MORE RECEIVING STATIONS FOR LOS(LINE OF SIGHT ) , A
SATELLITE CAN BE USED .THE SATELLITE IN THIS APLICATUION IS
GENERALLY WHAT IS KNOWN AS REPEATERS
 FACTORS TRIGGERING SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS
TO CONSTRUCT AND PIONEER THE CONCEPT OF
ARTIFICIAL SATELLITE SYSTEM:
•Every planet that has its own natural satellite since creation has an orbit revolving
across it following certain period and certain orbit be it elliptical or circular in
nature .

•Earth by default amidst those planets ,has its own natural satellite moon that
revolves around it following its own circular path in 27 days ,7 hours and 43
minutes.

WHAT MADE MOON NOT ELIGIBLE TO BE UNCONSIDERABLE TO BE

USED AS IMPARTED UNDER SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM:
1. Moon on account of having its own trajectory to consistently hover around the
earth becomes super unstable to be considered to be focused as a satellite to be
used for communication system.

2. Another problem encountered at this is that the signal reception and

redistribution from moon largely causes propagation delay to some extent to
the receiver that evaluated it to be unfit for the same purpose..............
 A satellite rotates in an orbit that forms a plane passing through the center of gravity
of the earth called the geocenter (Fig. 17-2). In addition, the direction of satellite
rotation may be either in the same direction as the earth’s rotation or against the direction
of earth’s rotation. In the former case, the orbit is said to be posigrade, and in the latter
case, retrograde. Most orbits are posigrade. In a circular orbit, the speed of rotation is
constant. However, in an elliptical orbit, the speed changes depending upon the height
of the satellite above the earth. Naturally the speed of the satellite is greater when it is
close to the earth than when it is far away.
Satellite Height. In a circular orbit, the height is simply the distance of the satellite
from the earth. However, in geometric calculations, the height is really the distance
between the center of the earth and the satellite. In other words, that distance includes
the radius of the earth, which is generally considered to be about 3960 mi (or 6373 km).
A satellite that is 5000 mi above the earth in circular orbit is 3960 1 5000, or 8960, mi
from the center of the earth (see Fig. 17-3).
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT: This is just a way to imprint the amount of
working worthy or coverage area visible to the satellite ..This can be
well understood by visualising a cone being drawn from the satellite
imagined as the vertex taking the ground circle area as the working or
coverage area visible to the satellite .This is the are within which a
satellite can measure its coverage area for making the propagation of
waves from the transmitter as UPLINK and towards the the receiver as
DOWNLINK. There is a way to measure the coverage are following
the following formulae......
Geosynchronous Orbits. To use a satellite for communication relay or repeater
purposes, the ground station antenna must be able to follow or track the satellite as it
passes overhead. Depending upon the height and speed of the satellite, the earth station
is able to use it only for communication purposes for that short period when it is visible.
The earth station antenna tracks the satellite from horizon to horizon. But at some point,
the satellite disappears around the other side of the earth. At this time, it can no longer
support communication.
One solution to this problem is to launch a satellite with a very long elliptical orbit
so that the earth station can “see” the apogee. In this way, the satellite stays in view of
the earth station for most of its orbit and is useful for communication for a longer time.
It is only during that short time when the satellite disappears on the other side of the
earth (perigee) that it cannot be used.

The intermittent communication caused by these orbital characteristics is highly

undesirable in many communication applications. One way to reduce interruptions is to
use more than one satellite. Typically three satellites, if properly spaced in the correct
orbits, can provide continuous communication at all times. However, multiple tracking
stations and complex signal switching or “hand-off” systems between stations are
required. Maintaining these stations is expensive and inconvenient.
Despite the cost and complexity of multiple-satellite systems, they are widely
deployed in global telecommunication applications. These systems use anywhere from
24 to more than 100 satellites. At any given time, multiple satellites are in view anywhere
on earth, making continuous communication possible
 Working

 The basic elements of a Satellite communication System are

shown in next slide. The process begins at an earth station an
installation designed to transmit & receive signals from a
Satellite in orbit around the earth.
 Earth station send information in the form of a high frequency
(GHz) signals to satellites which receives & retransmit the
signals back to earth where they are received by other earth
stations in the coverage area of the satellite.
UPLINK & DOWNLINK

The area which receives signals of useful strength from the satellite is
known as the satellite’s footprint.

The transmission system from the earth station to the satellite is called the
uplink and the system from the satellite to the the earth station is called the
Downlink.
Orbits
 LEO – 500 to 1200km.
 HEO – Highly Elliptical
orbit.
 MEO – 6000 to 20000 km.
 GEO – 36000km from earth.
 These Elliptical orbits are
difficulties from radiation
belts.
 LOW Earth Orbit (LEO)
 LEO satellites are much closer to the earth than GEO satellites,
ranging from 500 to 1,500 km above the surface
 LEO satellites don't stay in fixed position relative to the surface,
and are only visible for 15 to 20 minutes each pass.
 A network of LEO satellites is necessary for LEO satellites to be
useful to handover necessary from one satellite to another need
for routing.
 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
 MEO satellites have a larger coverage area than LEO satellites •A MEO
satellite's longer duration of visibility and wider footprint means fewer
satellites are needed in a MEO network than a LEO network.
 A MEO SMEO satellites have a larger coverage area than LEO satellites.
 A MEO satellite's longer duration of visibility and wider footprint means
fewer satellites are needed in a MEO network than a LEO network.
 A MEO satellite's distance gives it a longer time delay and weaker signal
than a LEO satellite, though not as bad as a GEO satellite.
 Satellite's distance gives it a longer time delay and weaker signal than a LEO
satellite, though not as bad as a GEO satellite.
 Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)

 Objects in Geostationary orbit revolve around the earth at the same speed as
the earth rotates.
 This means GEO satellites remain in the same position relative to the surface
of earth.
 Because of the long distance from earth it gives a large coverage area,
almost a fourth of the earth's surface but, this distance also cause it to have
both a comparatively weak signal and a time delay in the signal, which is
bad for point to point communication. High transmit power needed and
launching of satellites to orbit are complex & expensive.
 Not useful for global coverage for small mobile phones and data
transmission, typically used for radio and TV transmission.
 Frequency Allocation
 Frequency bands for satellite services are share with terrestrial
services.
 Satellite signal strength is constrained to avoid interface by it to
others.
 Thus a large antenna and sensitive receiver are needed at the
earth station.
 Many satellites have to share a limited frequency band, thus co-
ordination in frequency and orbital location is important.
 Frequency allocation all done by international agreements.
 Frquency Bands

 Frequency bands used in satellite communication.

 Band Frequency:
 P 225–390 MHz
 J 350–530 MHz
 L 1530–2700 MHz
 S 2500–2700 MHz
 C 3400–6425 MHz
 X 7250–8400 MHz
 Ku 10.95–14.5 GHz
 Ka 17.7–31 GHz
 Q 36–46 GHz
 V 46–56 GHz
 W 56–100 GHz
 Satellites Launched by the
world
 To this day, there are many Satellites were launched to the Earth’s orbit.
These are used to many modern day applications like Landsat-8, Landsat-9 &
Megha-Tropiques gather information about weather, landforms, oceans,
vegetation, land use, and other things.
 More than 150 Earth-observation satellites are currently in o rbit.
world
1St Artificial Satellite of the

Sputnik 1 was the first artificial Earth satellite . It was

launched into an elliptical low Earth orbit by the Soviet
Union on 4 October 1957 as part of the Soviet space
program. It orbited for three weeks before its batteries ran
out. The satellite then silently continued to orbit the planet for
two months before it fell back into the atmosphere on the 4th
of January 1958.
1st Satellite launched by india

The Aryabhata spacecraft, named after the famous

Indian astronomer, was India's first satellite; it was
completely designed and fabricated in India and launched by
a Soviet Kosmos-3M rocket from Kapustin Yar on April 19,
1975.
 Advantages of Satellite Communication
System
 The coverage area of a satellite greatly exceeds that of a
terrestrial system.
 Transmission cost of a satellite is independent of the distance
from the centre of the coverage area .
 Satellite to satellite communication is very precise.
 Higher bandwidths are available for use.
 Disadvantages of Satellite
Communication System
 The introductory costs, for example, the segment and installation
costs are excessively high.
 Congestion of frequencies. This can cause a disruption of the
communication services.
 Interference and proliferation.
 Applications

 In Radio telecom. 
 In TV broadcasting, for example, DTH. 
 In Internet applications, for example, giving Internet
connection for transferring data, GPS applications, Internet
surfing, and so on. 
 For voice correspondences. 
 For innovative work in numerous regions. 
 In military applications and routes.
 Conclusion
 This project has been very enlightening for us, we have been able
to work on reel satellite signal, and we faced issues that
researchers and engineers are facing during there thesis or work
nowadays. It covers several fields, such as signal processing,
radio frequency, computer science and some general approach on
the satellite communication environment, which is rewarding for
an engineering student.
THANK
YOU