Persian Garden Landscape

PERSIAN GARDEN
LANDSCAPE
INDRODUCTION
• The Persian Garden refers to a tradition
and style of garden design which originated
in Persia and which influenced the design
of gardens throughout the larger region.
• The origin of Persian gardens may date
back as far as 4000 BCE.
• The decorated pottery of that time displays
the typical cross plan of the Persian garden.
FEATURES:
• These gardens are enclosed.
• The main purpose behind building such
gardens was to provide relaxation in
different manner such as spiritual,
leisurely (e.g. meetings with friends).
• “Pairi daeza” means enclosed space in
Persian language.
• This Christian mythology adopted this
term to describe the Garden of Eden or
paradise on earth.
FEATURES:
• The construction of garden may have an
emphasis either on nature or on structure,
however the main thing this garden should allow
is maximization of function.
• The Persian gardens were built as a retreat from
the harsh landscape.
• These gardens are followed by modern-day
garden, from the sanctuaries and hunting parks
of 5th century B.C., 19th century magical
nightingale gardens of Tehran, etc.
• The Cyrus's garden had a geometrical plan and
stone watercourses.
COMMON FEATURES OF PERSIAN
GAEDENS
• A high surrounding wall
• Straight tile-lined channels of water
• Bubbling fountains
• Trees for shade and fruit
• A Pavilion or gazebo
• Strong emphasis on flowers in beds and pots
SQUARE AND RECTANGULAR
LAYOUT:
• What really distinguishes Persian garden
from the gardens of other nations,
however, is the unique and intricate
geometrical design that governs it.
• Square and rectangle are the
predominant shapes.
• Despite their precise spacing and order,
Persian gardens still manage to create a
range of different spaces within their
main space by using various natural and
man-made materials that differ in
shapes and sizes.
THE FIVE ELEMENTS:
There are five elements which contribute to the geometry of Persian gardens.
PERSPECTIVE (OR VISUAL EXPANSE OF THE GARDEN):

• The greater length of the garden is where its most significant elements are situated.
• Known as the spine of the garden, this area helps to create a space for meditation and enjoyment
from the day-to-day.
• Roads stretched into the horizon, brooks running to the end of the garden, little gardens within
the main garden, the natural slope of the land and the difference in vision angle from different
locations in the garden enriches the perspective of the space.
• Also, one of the main principles of Persian architecture is internalization and this is why gardens
are walled and enclosed spaces.
WATER PATHWAY
• The main issue was to get water from
distance points.
• For this purpose, Qanats and wells were dug
and constructed in the heart of the garden.
• Water flowing from these points would run
into well- spaced brooks and branch into
different sections of the garden like water
filled veins.
OVERALL RECTANGULAR
GEOMETRY OF THE GARDEN
• This shape made locating a precise place
for planting trees and implementation of
other structural elements much easier.
• It also helped to specifically frame a part
of the earth by imposing a definite
geometrical structure.
SYMMETRY
• The granges in the garden were not only
built symmetrical but were also situated
symmetrically.
• Trees, shrubs and flowers were also
planted this way.
CENTRALIZATION OF CERTAIN
STRUCTURES
This is manifest in placement of granges,
particularly granges of the Hasht Behesth
(eight paradises) design where granges are
situated at the crossroads that divide the
garden into different sections and therefore
draw more attention.
TYPES OF PERSIAN GARDENS:
FORMAL
HAYAT (PUBLIC AND PRIVATE)
MEIDAN (PUBLIC)
CHAR BAGH (PRIVATE)
CASUAL
BAGH (PRIVATE)
PARK (PUBLIC)
HAYAT( PUBLIC)
• Publicly, it is a classical Persian layout with

heavy emphasis on aesthetics over function.
• Man-made structures in the garden are
particularly important, with arches and pools
(which may be used to bathe).
• The ground is often covered in gravel flagged
with stone. Plantings are typically very
simple - such as a line of trees, which also
provide shade.
HAYAT( PRIVATE )
• Privately, these gardens are often pool-centered and, again, structural.

• The pool serves as a focus and source of humidity for the surrounding atmosphere.
• There are few plants, often due to the limited water available in urban areas
MEDIAN:
• This is a public, formal garden which emphasizes

more on biotic elements than structure.
• Here we see bedding plants, trees, shrubs,
grasses, etc.
• In this garden also the elements like gravel
pathways, pools divide the lawns.
• The shade providing structures pavilions are
also built.
CHAR BAGH:
• These gardens are formal and private.
• The garden structure mainly consists of four
quadrants divided by pathways and
waterways.
• This garden has a balanced structure with
proper pathways and greenery or plants
around the periphery of the pool.
PARKS:
• These are casual parks used for public
functions.
• These are full of various plants.
• Here we see pathways and seating but
these gardens are limited in terms of
structural elements.
• The purpose of such gardens is
relaxation and socialization.
BAGH:
• Like other casual gardens, it focuses on natural and green aspects of nature.
• These gardens are often attached to houses consisting of trees, lawns and ground
plants.
• It gives less emphasis on waterways and pathways.
• The primary aim is familial relaxation.
NATURAL ELEMENTS OF PERSIAN
LANDSCAPING:
• The important Persian garden elements are sunlight, shade, water, buildings.
• These elements provide relaxation in different manners such as spiritual, leisurely
(e.g. meetings with friends) etc. which is the primary aim of Persian garden which is
considered as a paradise on earth.
• The Persian gardens often connect internal yard gardens with the surrounding
outward gardens.
SUNLIGHT:
• The important factor to be considered
while designing the Persian garden is
sunlight and its effects in the garden.
• Architects arranged the samples and
forms from the rays of light to restrain the
sunlight.
• The specific textures and shapes were
chosen by the experienced architects to
harness the light
SHADES:
• Shade is also an important element due
to heat of Iran
• The Persian gardens includes trees,
shrubs and trellises which work as biotic
shades to provide protection from strong
sunrays.
• In these gardens we can see large
number of big shade trees, fruit and
flower trees as well.
• Walls and pavilions are also important in
blocking the harsh sunrays.
• Mostly cypress trees are found .
WATER:
• In desert regions, there are many dry areas beside the many forests, therefore water
comes as the next important element in the Persian garden.
• The underground water canals are built on slopes to facilitate either natural or the
artificial flow of water (waterfalls).
• It is assumed that this style of irrigation is thousand years old.
• This style works in the best way and widely used even in modern gardening styles.
For this purpose of moving water around the surface water systems.
• Trees are planted in a ditch called a jub, to prevent water evaporation and allow
quick access of water to the tree roots.
BUILDINGS:
• In many of the Persian gardens, buildings of splendour, brick works and pavilions are
seen.
• Here we also get to see the different structural designs like royal palaces, mansions,
temples, etc.
• Iranian architects used to build domes on square buildings very skilfully.
• These enhance the beauty of these gardens.
• In Persian gardens, beautiful arches were constructed.
• In front of many mansions and palaces of these gardens, the water fountains were
placed as the source of cool, peaceful atmosphere and pleasure.
• The beautiful types of glasses (e.g. stain glasses) were used for windows and other
glass works.

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PERSIAN GARDEN

PERSPECTIVE (OR VISUAL EXPANSE OF THE GARDEN):

• Publicly, it is a classical Persian layout with

• Privately, these gardens are often pool-centered and, again, structural.

• This is a public, formal garden which emphasizes

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