A PRESENTATION ON ORIGIN -

DESTINATION SURVEY AND PARKING

DURATION STUDIES

PRESENTATION BY:
MICHAEL D. KPEGLAH
(GHA, PLANNING DIVISION)
ORDER OF PRESENTATION

• Introduction

• Equipment

• Planning a Survey

• Survey Procedure

• Analysis of Results
INTRODUCTION
 CONT'D

Origin-Destination (O-D) surveys provide a detailed picture

of the trip patterns and travel choices of a city’s or region’s
residents.

These surveys collect valuable data related to households,

individuals and trips as well as to identify traffic demand
which could be diverted from other routes onto the project
road upon development.
NB; The survey should be conducted on all the vehicle
classes from Cars/Taxis to Extra Large Trucks and Others.
 Cont'd

• This information allows stakeholders to understand travel

patterns and characteristics.
• Measure trends; provide input to travel demand model
development, forecasting, and planning for area‐wide
transportation infrastructure needs and services; monitor
progress in implementing of transportation policies.
 EQUIPMENT

• Inform the police in advance about the locations, dates

and time periods for the survey.
• Select an appropriate location for the survey
• Provide the enumerators with relevant data collection
forms and requisite logistics. Insist that reflective jackets
are put on for safety reasons
• Ensure that each enumerator has a watch. Harmonize the
reading of the watches
• Provide the following details on the first data collection
Cont’d

sheet and ensure that the enumerators replicate them on

the remaining sheets (Pre-study documentation)
• Instruct the enumerators to indicate to the police in good
time the vehicles they intend to survey for the police to
stop them.
• Instruct the enumerators to briefly state the purpose of the
study to the drivers and passenger(s) before
administering the questionnaire.
• Instruct the enumerators to enter the supplied codes at
the appropriate areas on the data collection form
• Ensure that the enumerators keep to the time internal
Indicated on the data collection form.
• Examine the data for completeness at the close of the
study. Resolve missing details with the concerned
enumerator(s) and, if necessary document any
explanation offered.
 EQUIPMENT

• Printed Questionnaires

• Video Equipment(where necessary)

• Writing Instruments and clipboards.

• Note taking materials

Cont'd
 PLANNING A SURVEY

• Sampling Plan for Survey

• Labor Recruitment and Training

• Structure Survey Administration

• Pilot Test
 SURVEY PROCEDURE

 Define the Scope of the Study, and identify the Target

group.
 Refine the method by which data will be obtained.
 Develop the questionnaire based on the information
needed.
 Collect the data.
 Check the Data on Each Questionnaire.
 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS

• Summarize the Data

Putting data collected together on one form in the form of
Percentages
• Interpret the results
Graphical Summaries similar to pie charts and bar graphs
are very effective at presenting the findings of a survey for
decision making.
• Summarize the data, and make conclusions
Includes finding Answers to Questions such as;
 Cont'd

 How do the travel patterns of male and female differ?

 Is there a difference in how different age groups
responded?
 Does the distant traveled appear to affect how a
Respondent views car pooling or Transit?
 What other conclusions can be drawn from sample?
ENUMERATORS COLLECTING O-D DATA ON
AFIENYA STRETCH
ENUMERATORS COLLECTING O-D DATA ON
AFIENYA STRETCH
PARKING STUDIES
 PARKING STUDIES

• A vehicle may be parked for a longer or shorter period of

time, as a result provision of parking facilities are essential.
• The need for parking space is usually very great in areas of
business, residential or commercial activities.
• Finding adequate parking space to meet the demands in the
central business district (CBD) is challenging.
• Parking studies can be used to determine the demand and
the supply of parking facilities.
 TYPES OF PARKING FACILITIES
There are two types of parking facilities;
• On – street Parking Facilities – It is also known as curb
facilities. Parking bays are provided alongside the curb on
one or both sides of the street. Examples are:
• Parallel parking
• 30 degree parking
• 45 degree parking
• 60 degree parking
• 90 degree parking
ON - STREET PARKING FACILITIES
b) Off- street Parking – It means parking your vehicle
anywhere but not on the streets.
Examples of off – street parking facilities
 Surface lots and garages
 Self – parking garages
 Multi Storey car parks
 Roof parking
 Mechanical parks
 Underground car parks
 OFF - STREET PARKING FACILITIES

UNDERGROUND CAR PARK Underground car Park

MECHANICAL CAR PARK
SURFACE CAR PARK

ROOF CAR PARK

MULTI STOREY CAR PARK
MATERIALS NEEDED FOR COLLECTION OF DATA

• For the observer to carry out collection of data at a known

area for parking, he or she will need the following
materials to assist in the data collection
• Timer ( A clock or watch)
• Note – taking sheet ( parking studies form)
• Videotaping device or videography
• Laptop ( Excel application software)
• Observer
PROCEDURE FOR CONDUCTING PARKING STUDIES

• Identify the study area – The area should be a place the

observer can handle. This area could be an on or off –
street parking facility with significant number of parking
spaces.
• Sketch the lot and determine the best path for data
collection – For the purpose of our study we are going to
use the parking lot of Ghana Highway Authority.
 COLLECTION OF DATA

Per the duration (hours) allocated for collection of data, the

time is divided into a 15 mins interval and the parking spaces
available are numbered.
COMPUTATION FROM PARKING DATA
• CALCULATION
• PARKING VOLUME = 35/1 = 35 vehicles-per-hour
• TURNOVER = 35/24 = 1.458 vehicles per space
• DURATION = 750/35 = 21.43 minutes per parked vehicle
• PARKING LOAD = 750/1440 X 100 = 52.08%
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this session, we will be able to:

• Explain the objectives of Origin and Destination Study

• Conduct Origin & Destination Study
• Present the Origin and Destination study data
 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

• To determine the amount of by-passable traffic

• To locate terminals and to plan terminal facilities
• Planning of new network of roads
• To assess the adequacy of parking facilities
• To develop trip generation of trip distribution model
• O stands from Origin (where you start the travel from) and D
stands for destination (where the travel ends). 
 TYPES OF OD STUDY

• License plate mail

• Road side interview
• Mail- back postcard survey
• Cell phone, and global positioning system (GPS)
• Home Interview
• Tag on car
 License plate mail –out method: The licence plate mail-out
survey involves recording license plate numbers of vehicle on
a selected roadway, tracing vehicle ownership, and mailing a
survey to owners . There are two different methods to obtain
the licence plate number: taking a photo / video or manually
recording the tag on vehicle. photo or video are often used for
high volume highways and the manual recording method can
be used for low and medium volume roadway . This method
has no disruption to normal traffic flow because it does not
require vehicles to be stopped to receive the survey
• Roadside interview: Roadside interview involves directing vehicles
into a designated interview area and asking a series of short
questions. This technique has been widely used for both truck and
auto trip collection because it has a very high response rate , good
sampling control, boar geographic coverage , and normally result in
complete information. The disadvantage of this method is that it
generally requires more personal and traffic control at survey sites.
Sometimes, it may be difficult to implement due to traffic disruption
especially in urban areas.
NB: There should be good interpersonal communication
• Can we Please take a moment of your time to ask a few questions
about your trip. Your responses will help determine the need for
improvements in this area. Thank you very much for your
cooperation!
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this session, we will be able to:

• Explain the objectives of Origin and Destination Study

• Conduct Origin & Destination Study
• Present the Origin and Destination study data
 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

• To determine the amount of by-passable traffic

• To locate terminals and to plan terminal facilities
• Planning of new network of roads
• To assess the adequacy of parking facilities
• To develop trip generation of trip distribution model
• O stands from Origin (where you start the travel from) and D
stands for destination (where the travel ends). 
 TYPES OF OD STUDY

• License plate mail

• Road side interview
• Mail- back postcard survey
• Cell phone, and global positioning system (GPS)
• Home Interview
• Tag on car
 License plate mail –out method: The licence plate mail-out
survey involves recording license plate numbers of vehicle on
a selected roadway, tracing vehicle ownership, and mailing a
survey to owners . There are two different methods to obtain
the licence plate number: taking a photo / video or manually
recording the tag on vehicle. photo or video are often used for
high volume highways and the manual recording method can
be used for low and medium volume roadway . This method
has no disruption to normal traffic flow because it does not
require vehicles to be stopped to receive the survey
• Roadside interview: Roadside interview involves directing vehicles
into a designated interview area and asking a series of short
questions. This technique has been widely used for both truck and
auto trip collection because it has a very high response rate , good
sampling control, boar geographic coverage , and normally result in
complete information. The disadvantage of this method is that it
generally requires more personal and traffic control at survey sites.
Sometimes, it may be difficult to implement due to traffic disruption
especially in urban areas.
NB: There should be good interpersonal communication
• Can we Please take a moment of your time to ask a few questions
about your trip. Your responses will help determine the need for
improvements in this area. Thank you very much for your
cooperation!
• Mail- back postcard survey: Mail- back postcard surveys are
often used when traffic volume is high .compared to the road
side interview , postcard survey have less impact on traffic post
card with a brief questionnaire can be distributed to motorists
either at rest areas on the interstates or at signalized
intersections or gas stations where they normally stop. The
advantages of this technique are that postcards can be
distributed quickly and with fewer personnel than are required
for interviews. The disadvantage is that a higher number of
vehicles must be sampled to obtain an adequate number of
completed surveys because of the lower response rate of less
than 30 percept
• Home Interview Survey:
• The information to be collected from the home-interview
survey can broadly be classified under 2 groups :
• Household information.
• Journey data.

• Household information contains : Address, Size of household,

Age and sex structure of household, Earning members, Number
of motor vehicles owned, Household income etc.
• Journey data contains : All journey made during the previous
24 hour period, Purpose of trip, Mode of travel etc
• Cell phone, and global positioning system (GPS) receiver Cell
phone tracking technology currently and presumably can only
provide the data on phone (the owners) movements as cell
phones transition from one cell tower to another cell tower. The
phones must be on, although not in use. The data from cell
phone movements can possibly generate origin –destination
data needed for support of planning models. However, to date,
this technology has not been used for an O-D study.
Widespread utilization of GPS receivers for O-D data collection
is currently cost prohibitive, especially for large rural and urban
areas.
• Tags on vehicles: In this method, at each point where the
roads cross the cordon line, vehicles are stopped and a tag is
affixed, usually under a windscreen wiper. The tags for
different survey stations have different shapes and/or color
to identify the survey stations. The vehicles are stopped
again at the exit points where the tags are removed. The
times of entering and leaving the area may be marked on the
tags in order to enable the journey times to be determined.
Accuracy of O-D Survey data: The data obtained from the
home-interview survey is usually cross-checked with the
data obtained from the screen-line and cordon counts.
ENUMERATORS COLLECTING O-D DATA ON AFIENYA STRETCH
ENUMERATORS COLLECTING O-D DATA ON AFIENYA STRETCH
ENUMERATORS COLLECTING O-D DATA ON AFIENYA STRETCH
ENUMERATORS COLLECTING O-D DATA ON AFIENYA STRETCH
• 4 Parking surveys
• Parking surveys are conducted to collect the above said
parking statistics. The most common parking surveys
conducted are in-out survey and license plate method of
survey
 IN – OUT SURVEY

• In this survey, the occupancy count in the selected parking lot is

taken at the beginning. Then the number of vehicles that enter the
parking lot for a particular time interval is counted. The number of
vehicles that leave the parking lot is also taken. The final
occupancy in the parking lot is also taken. Here the labor required
is very less. Only one person may be enough. But we wont get
any data regarding the time duration for which a particular vehicle
used that parking lot. Parking duration and turn over is not
obtained. Hence we cannot estimate the parking fare from this
survey.
Cont’d
• From an in-out survey conducted for a parking area
consisting of 40 bays, the initial count was found to be
25. Table gives the result of the survey. The number of
vehicles coming in and out of the parking lot for a time
interval of 5 minutes is as shown in the table 1. Find
the accumulation, total parking load, average
occupancy and efficiency of the parking lot.
 In-out survey data
TIME IN OUT
5 3 2
10 2 4
15 4 2
20 5 4
25 7 3
30 8 2
35 2 7
40 4 2
45 6 4
50 4 1
55 3 3
60 2 5
 In-out survey data
TIME (1) IN (2) OUT (3) ACCUMULATION OCCUPANCY PARKING LOAD
(4) (5) (6)
5 3 2 26 65 130
10 2 4 24 60 120
15 4 2 26 65 130
20 5 4 27 67.5 135
25 7 3 31 77.5 155
30 8 2 37 92.5 185
35 2 7 32 80 160
40 4 2 34 85 170
45 6 4 36 90 180
50 4 1 39 97.5 195
55 3 3 39 97.5 195
60 2 5 36 90 180

TOTAL 1735
•Accumulation can be found out as initial count plus number of vehicles that
entered the parking lot till that time minus the number of vehicles that just
exited for that particular time interval.
For the first time interval of 5 minutes, accumulation can be found out as
25+3-2 = 26. It is being tabulated in column 4.
•Occupancy or parking index is given by equation For the first time interval of
five minutes,
Parking index = 26/40 ×100 = 65%. The occupancy for the remaining time slot
is similarly calculated and is tabulated in column 5.
Average occupancy is the average of the occupancy values for each time
interval. Thus it is the average of all values given in column 5 and the value is
80.63%.
•Parking load is tabulated in column 6. It is obtained by multiplying
accumulation with the time interval. For the first time interval, parking load =
26 × 5 = 130 vehicle minutes.
•Total parking load is the summation of all the values in column 5 which is
equal to 1935 vehicle minutes or 32.25 vehicle hours
 License plate method of survey

• This results in the most accurate and realistic data. In this case of
survey, every parking stall is monitored at a continuous interval of 15
minutes or so and the license plate number is noted down. This will
give the data regarding the duration for which a particular vehicle was
using the parking bay. This will help in calculating the fare because
fare is estimated based on the duration for which the vehicle was
parked. If the time interval is shorter, then there are less chances of
missing short-term parkers. But this method is very labor intensive.
• The parking survey data collected from a parking lot by license plate
method is s shown in the table 3 below. Find the average occupancy,
average turn over, parking load, parking capacity and efficiency of the
parking lot.
 License plate parking survey data
BAY TIME
0-15 15-30 30-45 45-60
1 1456 9813 - 5678
2 1945 1945 1945 1945
3 3473 5463 5463 5463
4 3741 3741 9758 4825
5 1884 1884 - 7594
6 - 7357 - 7893
7 - 4895 4895 4895
8 8932 8932 8932 -
9 7653 7653 8998 4821
10 7321 - 2789 2789
11 1213 1213 3212 4778
BAY TIME TIME
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0-15 15-30 30-45 45-60 15 30 45 60 TURNOVE
R
1 1456 9813 - 5678 1 1 0 1 3
2 1945 1945 1945 1945 1 1 1 1 1
3 3473 5463 5463 5463 1 1 1 1 2
4 3741 3741 9758 4825 1 1 1 1 3
5 1884 1884 - 7594 1 1 0 1 2
6 - 7357 - 7893 0 1 0 1 2
7 - 4895 4895 4895 0 1 1 1 1
8 8932 8932 8932 - 1 1 1 0 1
9 7653 7653 8998 4821 1 1 1 1 3
10 7321 - 2789 2789 1 0 1 1 2
11 1213 1213 3212 4778 1 1 1 1 3
12 5678 6678 7778 8888 1 1 1 1 4
ACCUMULATI 10 11 9 11
ON
OCCUPANCY 0.83 0.92 0.75 0.92 2.25
• Columns 1 to 5 is the input data. The parking status in every bay is
coded first. If a vehicle occupies that bay for that time interval, then
it has a code 1. This is shown in columns 6, 7, 8 and 9 of the table
corresponding to the time intervals 15, 30, 45 and 60 seconds.
• • Turn over is computed as the number of vehicles present in that
bay for that particular hour. For the first bay, it is counted as 3.
Similarly, for the second bay, one vehicle is present throughout that
hour and hence turnout is 1 itself. This is being tabulated in column
10 of the table. Average turn over = = 2.25

• Accumulation for a time interval is the total of number of vehicles in

the bays 1 to 12 for that time interval. Accumulation for first time
interval of 15 minutes = 1+1+1+1+1+0+0+1+1+1+1+1 = 10
• • Parking volume = Sum of the turn over in all the bays = 27
vehicles
• • Average duration is the average time for which the parking
lot was used by the vehicles. It can be calculated as sum of
the accumulation for each time interval × time interval divided
by the parking volume = = 22.78 minutes/vehicle.
• • Occupancy for that time interval is accumulation in that
particular interval divided by total number of bays. For first
time interval of 15 minutes, occupancy = (10×100)/12 = 83%
Average occupancy is found out as the average of total
number of vehicles occupying the bay for each time interval. It
is expressed in percentage. Average occupancy = × 100 =
85.42%.
• • Parking capacity = number of bays × number of
hours = 12× 1 = 12 vehicle hours
• • Parking load = total number of vehicles accumulated
at the end of each time interval × time = = 10.25
vehicle hours
• • Efficiency = = = 85.42%.
 Providing suitable parking spaces is a challenge for
traffic engineers and planners in the scenario of ever
increasing vehicle population. It is essential to conduct
traffic surveys in order to design the facilities or plan
the fares. Different types of parking layout, surveys
and statistics were discussed in this chapter.
Cont'd

• Financial Capacity
– Annual Turnover
– Line of Credit
• Technical Capacity
– Work Experience (General, Similar, Specific Key
Activities)
– Equipment
– Key Personnel
– Environment, Health, Safety, Work Programme etc
Recommendation of Award
The Evaluation Team Recommends for Award of Contract to the
Lowest Evaluated Bidder, who satisfied all the post-qualification
criteria

The ff. must be stated in the recommendation:

• The Lowest Evaluated Bidder
• The Bid / Corrected / Award Price
• The % Deviation of the Price from the Engineer’s Price
• The Project Name
• The Project Duration
Tender Evaluation Report
• Cover Page
• Table of Content
• Summary of Bid Evaluation/ Executive Summary
• Write-Up
- Introduction, Invitation to bid, Pre-bid meeting, closing/submission of bids,
opening of bids, preliminary examination, responsiveness, correction of arithmetic
errors, evaluated prices, post-qualification etc.
• Recommendation for Award
• Tables
• Appendices
• Attachments
The Tender Evaluation Report must be Owned – signed by the Evaluation Team
The Report must be paged and properly referenced
Cont'd
Appendices
• Copy of Advertisement of Tender & Addenda (if any)
• Approval Letter to Procure Works (if any)
• Letter Constituting Tender Evaluation Panel
• Tender Opening Results, Register of Attendance, Minutes of
Tender Opening etc
• Request for concurrence of Errors / Bidders’ Response

Attachments
• Non-Responsive/ Rejected Documents
• All Documents submitted by the Recommended Bidder
Review of Tender Evaluation Report

• Review at Head Office

• To ensure that compliance and due process have been
followed
• Review may/may not agree with the Region/Evaluation
Panel Recommendations
Award of Contract
• Entity Tender Committee (ETC) Convenes a Meeting to consider
for Award
• The Head of procurement unit / Rep. makes a presentation at
the Meeting
• ETC Approves Award of Contract to the Lowest Evaluated Bidder
• If Award Price exceeds threshold, Concurrent Approval is sought
from the appropriate Review Committee (2nd & 3rd Schedules of
Act 914)
• Letter of Acceptance / Award Letter is Issued to Successful Bidder
CONTRACT

• What is a Contract?
– Legal Agreement made between two or more parties

Road Contracts - Two (2) Parties -

1. Employer - MRH (represented by GHA) as one part
2. Contractor - as the other part
where the Contractor covenants to execute the Works and the
Employer also covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of
Works Done.
The Engineer, is appointed / named by the Employer to act as the
Engineer for the purpose of Supervising the Contract.
Contract Documents
Order of Priority
1. Contract Agreement
2. Letter of Acceptance / Award Letter
3. Addendum / Negotiations
4. Form / Letter of Tender
5. Special Conditions of Contract
6. General Conditions of Contract
7. Specifications
8. Drawings / Line Diagrams
9. Completed Schedules / Priced Bills of Quantities
10.Supplementary Information (Performance Security, Statutory
reqmts, post-qualification information)
Signing of Contract

• Successful Bidder submits Performance Security

– Performance Bond (30% of CS)
– Performance Bank Guarantee (10% of CS)
– In the right format
– Open ended validity
• To be Vetted and Approved by Engineer
• Sign Contract Agreement
– Between Employer and Contractor
– Insert Date of Signing
• Distribute copies of Signed CD to all stakeholders
Cont'd
• Contract Documents
– Formed from Tender Documents

• Pay Attention to the ff. at Tender Documentation Stage

(SCC)
– Payment Clauses - Time of Payment
– Advance Mobilisation
– Interest on Delayed Payment
– Insurance Requirements (Works+Replacement Cost,
Equipment, Third Party).
 THANK YOU
FOR
YOUR ATTENTION