Minerals 0 Energy Resources

Minerals & Energy Resources
What is minerals?
Classification of minerals
Modes of occurrence of minerals
Types of minerals
-- Geologist – a homogenous, naturally occurring substance –
definable internal structure – found in Earths crust & has a definite
chemical composition.
Introduction -- found in varied forms – from hardest diamond to softest talc.

-- rocks are a combination of homogenous – some consist of a single
mineral only (limestone) – while many contain several minerals.
-- most of the things we use are made from minerals.
-- foreign exchange is earned through their export.
Importance of
-- its mining & extraction activity generates employment.
-- it is also the source of power like coal & petroleum.
Minerals -- any specie cannot survive without them – though our intake is
just 0.3% of minerals – but 99.7% of foodstuff utilisation depends
on these minerals.
-- Metallic – we get metals – Ferrous & Non-Ferrous
-- Ferrous – contain iron ore – eg – Iron ore, nickel, cobalt.

-- Non Ferrous – contain metals other than iron – eg – gold, silver,
Classification of platinum etc.
minerals -- precious metals – very high economical value – eg – gold,

silver etc.
-- Energy minerals – provide energy or power – eg – coal,
petroleum, natural gas etc.
A. Minerals in igneous & metamorphic rocks – found in crevices, joints
or faults – small occurrence – lodes & veins – molten/gaseous
minerals forced upwards through cavities – copper, zinc, lead etc.
B. Sedimentary rocks – occur in beds or layers – formed as a result of

accumulation & concentration in horizontal strata – eg – coal & some
Mode of form of iron ore formed under extensive heat & pressure – gypsum,
potash salt formed due to evaporation.
occurrence of C. Decomposed rocks – decomposition of surface rocks – removal of
minerals
soluble constituents – residual mass of weathered material containing
ores – bauxite.
D. Alluvial deposits – sands of valley floors and base of hills – placer

deposits – not corroded by water – gold, silver, tin
E. Ocean water – ocean water minerals – common salt, bromine,

magnesium – manganese nodules..
A. Deccan – contains most of the reserves – coal, metallic
minerals, mica & non metallic minerals.
B. Western & eastern region – sedimentary rocks – Gujarat,
Distribution of Assam – petroleum deposits.
minerals C. Rajasthan – rocks system of the peninsula – reserves of many

non-ferrous minerals.
D. North India – devoid of economic minerals.

-- strong base for metallurgical industry – 3/4 th of total value of metallic
minerals.
A. Iron ore – basic mineral – India is rich in it – Types – a. Magnetite –

best quality – 70% iron – excellent magnetic qualities – electrical
industry – b. Hematite – used in huge quantity – 50 to 60% iron in it.
-- Iron ore belts – a. Odisha – Jharkhand belt – odisha – high grade
Ferrous hematite ore (Badampahar mines) – Jharkhand – Singbhum district

hematire iron is mined.
minerals b. Durg – Bastar – Chandrapur belt – Chhattisgarh & Maharashtra – very
high grade hematite – steel making property – exported to Japan &
S.Korea.
c. Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru in Karnataka –
Kudermukh mines – 100% export unit – transported as slurry.
d. Maharashtra-Goa belt – Goa & Ratnagiri district – not very high quality.
Ferrous
B. Manganese – used in manufacturing of steel & ferro-
manganese alloy – bleaching powder, paints, insecticide – 10kg
minerals required to manufacture one tonne of steel.
A. Copper – malleable, ductile, good conductor – used in
electrical cables, electronics, chemical industry – critical
Non-Ferrous deficiency of copper in reserve & production.
minerals Location – MP – Balaghat mines, Jharkhand – Singhbhum,

Rajasthan – Khetri mines – Jhunjhunu.
B. Bauxite – main ore of aluminium – decomposition of rocks
rich in aluminium silicates – clay like substance – alumina – later
Non-Ferrous aluminium – strength, lightness, good conductivity, malleability.
minerals Location – Amarkantak plateau , Maikal hills – Odisha largest

producer in 2016-17.
A. Mica – made of leaves or plates – can be converted into thin
sheets – clear, black, green, red yellow or brown – excellent
di-electric strength – insulating properties – resistance to high
Non-Metallic voltage – low powerloss factor – indispensable mineral –

electric & electronic industry.
minerals Location – Northern edge of Chota Nagpur plateau, Gaya-
Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand – Rajasthan – around Ajmer –
Andhra – Nellore Mica belt.
A. Limestone – found in association – calcium, calcium
carbonate & magnesium, magnesium carbonate – found in
Rock Minerals sedimentary rocks – cement industry – chemical, iron & steel
industry.
A. Coal – formed due to compression of plant material over
millions of years – depends on – degree of compression,
depth, time of burial.
Types – a. Anthracite – best quality hard coal – highest calorific
value.
Energy
b. Bituminous coal – most popular – used commercially – blast
furnace – buried deep – increased temperature -- metallurgical
Resources coal – high grade – smelting iron.
c. Lignite – lower grade – brown coal – soft – high moisture –

60% carbon – ash residue less – Neyveli Tamil Nadu.
d. Peat – first state of transformation of wood into coal – decay of
plants in swamps – high moisture – low carbon & heating
capacity.
A. Classification coal fields – a. Gondwana coal field – over 200
mn years of age – located in Damodar valley – Jharia, Bokaro,
Godavari, Son, Wardha valleys.
Energy b. Tertiary coal field – younger age coal – 55 mn years old – parts
Resources of Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland,
-- bulky material – loses its weight on use & reduced to ash –

heavy industries & thermal power stations located near coalfields.

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Minerals & Energy Resources

Introduction -- found in varied forms – from hardest diamond to softest talc.

-- Ferrous – contain iron ore – eg – Iron ore, nickel, cobalt.

minerals -- precious metals – very high economical value – eg – gold,

B. Sedimentary rocks – occur in beds or layers – formed as a result of

occurrence of C. Decomposed rocks – decomposition of surface rocks – removal of

D. Alluvial deposits – sands of valley floors and base of hills – placer

E. Ocean water – ocean water minerals – common salt, bromine,

minerals C. Rajasthan – rocks system of the peninsula – reserves of many

D. North India – devoid of economic minerals.

A. Iron ore – basic mineral – India is rich in it – Types – a. Magnetite –

-- Iron ore belts – a. Odisha – Jharkhand belt – odisha – high grade

Ferrous hematite ore (Badampahar mines) – Jharkhand – Singbhum district

minerals Location – MP – Balaghat mines, Jharkhand – Singhbhum,

minerals Location – Amarkantak plateau , Maikal hills – Odisha largest

Non-Metallic voltage – low powerloss factor – indispensable mineral –

c. Lignite – lower grade – brown coal – soft – high moisture –

-- bulky material – loses its weight on use & reduced to ash –

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