POWER TRANSFORMERS

Constructional

features Types of Transformers OLTC Grounding Parallel operation

D. Ramanayya DE / R&M / Dr.NTTPS

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Introduction  The function of increasing or decreasing voltage levels is performed by an equipment known as transformers.  Starting from the generating station, transformers are used to step up the voltage for transmission. The transformer is basically a passive device for transforming the voltage and current magnitude levels.

CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
The following topics will be discussed  Windings  Core  Terminal Bushings  Insulations  Main tank and gasketing  Conservator  Transformer Oil  Silica gel Breathers
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CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
    

Bucchholtz relay Vent pipe / PRV Cooling system (radiators, fans and pumps) OTI & WTI Tap changers

BUSHINGS

TRANSFORMER OIL
 

Dielectric and coolant media Petroleum crude- naptha or paraffins base Physical properties Density Viscosity Flash point Pour point Inter facial tension Appearance
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Chemical properties Acidity Oxidation stability Moisture content Inhibitor Sulphur content DGA Electrical properties Dielectric strength (BDV) DDF ( Tan delta) Resistivity
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INTRODUCTION
One of the simplest and most inexpensive methods of providing for adjustments in supply voltages is to arrange tapings upon transformers. The needs of providing tap changers are 1. Adjustment of consumers voltage within statutory limits. 2. To control active and reactive powers over a line connecting the two Generating Stations, depending upon seasonal requirements. 3.Voltage variations in the Power System can be carried out quite effectively by arranging tap changers upon transformers.
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The tap changers are divided into two categories. 1. Off-Load Tap Changers 2. On-Load Tap Changers

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In power transformers , normally, OnLoad Tap Changers are used for voltage regulation under load without interruption.  These are generally located on high voltage windings because of the smaller currents to be dealt. Volts/turn ratio can be maintained within limits.

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Main Parts of OLTC

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Tap Changer head Diverter Switch/Compartment Tap selector Motor Drive unit Protective Relay Reversing switch

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OLTC MR MAKE

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CONSTRUCTION


The ON-LOAD TAP CHANGERS consists of a high speed resistor transition diverter switch, tap selector, driving mechanism and external driving shaft with Bevel Gear. The Diverter Switch consists of contact compartment, transition resistors, spring action mechanism and worm-gear assembly. Current limiting resistors consists of nickel-chromium wire wound heat resisting bobbins. Moving and fixed contacts are arranged in contact compartment depending upon location of the Tap Changer i.e. the neutral or line terminal of the transformer.
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The spring action mechanism matches with the interruption characteristic of diverter switch. The Tap-Selector serves for selecting the desired tap which is operating on no-load. A motorised driving mechanism is used for providing the driving force for tap changing and mounted on the side of the transformers. The driving power from the driving mechanism to the tap changers is transmitted by means of a set to vertical and horizontal shafts, which are coupled through bevel gears. A typical electrical and mechanical circuits are used for this operation. The diverter switch compartment consists of Transformer Oil which is not connected with Main Transformer.
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OPERATION
Tap changer operation is initiated by starting the motor drive. The diverter switch and the tap selector which operate on high-potential are driven from there. The mechanism of the tap changers is designed to carryout a complete operation after definite number of revolutions are completed. The motor drive stops automatically after the tap change operation is complete.
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OLTC General Arrangement

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CHARACTERISTICS OF ON-LOAD TAP CHANGERS

1. Through current, step-voltage and switching capacity. 2. Insulation i.e. withstand voltage. 3. Number of steps.

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FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE

1. Transformer Oil characteristics in the diverter switch compartment. 2. Carbonization due to heavy sparking during transition. 3. Deterioration of contacts (Burning or Burning marks ) 4. Operation of Oil Surge (BUCHOLZ) relay. 5. Decoupling of mechanism drive joints 6. Transformer Oil Leakages 7. Mismatching of tap selector and diverter switch operations. 8. Handling of tap-changers by the operator greatly affects the system.

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CONDITION MONITORING AT SITE A great care must be taken in monitoring the condition of ON-LOAD TAP CHANGERS which effects directly the POWER TRANSFORMER. Check Tap changer conservator oil level Dielectric Strength of oil in the diverter compartment Remarks If low, top up with new filtered oil. Filter or replace if the BDV is less than required.
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Check Oil leaks

Remarks Check the gasket joints, oil seals in Gear Box and internal compartment Lubricate gears periodically Rectification of defects if any observed If burning or pitting observed, replace it.
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Drive Mechanism Oil surge relay (BUCHOLZ) Contacts

Linear resistors

Check physically and measure the resistance If thickness is reduced due to wear and tear, replace it. Check the operation, adjust the timers if any abnormality is observed.
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Thickness of arcing contacts

Step-by-Step Operation

CLASSIFICATION
 

Classification of Transformers as per place of installation and application. Power Transformers: Generator Transformer Unit Auxiliary Transformer Station Transformer ICT/Grid Transformer LT Auxilary Transformer Instrument Transformers: Current Transformer Voltage Transformer Others Rectifier Transformer/Converter Reactors
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Voltage Levels Used In Dr.NTTPS

415 v Station Bus
TSS-1 6.6/ 0.433 KV 1.6 MVA

SA BUS

1A BUS
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415 v ESP Bus

TEP-1 6.6/ 0.433 KV 1.6 MVA UAT - A 15.75 / 6.9 KV 15 MVA ST-1 220 / 7.1 KV 31.5 MVA

GEN

220222

220
UAT -B 15.75 / 6.9 KV 15 MVA

GT 15.75 / 236 KV 247 MVA

415 v Unit Bus

TU-1 6.6/ 0.433 KV 1.6 MVA

415 v Station Bus

TSS-2 6.6/ 0.433 KV 1.6 MVA

1B BUS

ST-2 220 / 7.1 KV 31.5 MVA

220 KV BUS BAR

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SB BUS

VOLTAGE LEVELS USED IN STAGE-IV

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GENERATOR TRANSFORMERS


  

The Generating Voltages are normally varies from 11 KV to 22 KV. In our station, the generating voltage is 15.75 KV. The generating voltages shall be raised to the transmission voltages ( 220 KV ). The Generator Transformer is connected between generator and the EHV sub station ( grid ). Generator transformers are step up transformers Generator transformers are designed either single phase or three phase depending upon the capacity, transporting and erection facilities available at site.

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STATION TRANSFORMERS


To start up a Thermal Power Unit, various auxiliary equipments are to be taken into service to meet the required parameters. This power has to be drawn from the EHV sub station (Grid) through the Station Transformer. These transformers are step down type and designed as per the auxiliary voltages required for the power station. It is also useful to provide un interrupted supply to the auxiliary equipment in case of tripping of the unit. The Station Transformer is connected between the EHV sub station ( grid ) and Station Switch Board.

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UNIT AUXILARY TRANSFORMERS



The Unit Auxiliary Transformer is a step down transformer and designed as per the auxiliary voltages required for the power station. The HV side of the transformer is tapped from the generator output before feed to the generator transformer. The LV side of the transformer is connected to the Unit Switch Board.
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LT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMERS


The LT Auxiliary Transformers are step down transformers and designed as per the LT auxiliary voltages required for the accessories and lighting system etc. These transformers are fed from the Unit & Station Switch Boards and connected to the various LT switch boards. Normally, there are two types of transformers i.e Dry type and oil immersed
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INTERCONNECTING POWER TRANSFORMERS



These transformers interconnected between different EHV voltage levels in the same grid. These transformers are very high capacity and used to step up/ step down the voltage levels.

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PARALLEL OPERATION OF TRANSFORMERS

     

General conditions: Same polarity Same Vector group Same percentage impedance Same voltage ratio Same phase rotation

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In our power station, radial feeding is adopted for all types of buses. In case of failure of a bus due to tripping of the power transformer, the stand by supply extended from the other buses of the same voltage. In case of planned shut down of the transformers taken for maintenance works, the buses will be paralleled for a very short time duly following the above five conditions.

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Grounding of transformers
1. 2.

Grounding System grounding Equipment grounding

1.

Need for Grounding To limit the potential gradient of earth (zero potential) to the metallic parts, electrical circuits etc. 2. Safety of the personnel 3. Improvement in service reliability 4. Lightning and surge protection Grounding methods  Solidly grounded system Resistance grounded system Reactance grounded system Transformer Earthing ( NGT)
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Transformer grounding Solidly grounding system

Delta / Star winding with Neutral Solidly earthed Transformer

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