Module 3.2 Energy Analysis of Open System

Module 3.
Energy Analysis of Open System

Energy balance for closed system
• Applying energy balance (first law) on a closed system:
Qnet ,in  Wnet ,out  Esystem
U system  Esystem
Qnet ,in  Wnet ,out  U system
For closed system there is no flow of substance in or out, that is why this equation is called Non-
Flow Energy Equation NFEE 2

Energy balance for Open system
Energy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems

• During a steady-flow process, the total energy content of a control volume
remains constant ( Ecv = constant ) , and thus the change in the total energy of
the control volume is zero (Ecv=0). Therefore, the amount of energy entering
a control volume in all forms (by heat, work, and mass) must be equal to the
amount of energy leaving it. Then the rate form of the general energy balance
reduces for a steady-flow process
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This is SFEE – Steady Flow Energy Equation
Ein  Eout  (Qin  Qout )  (Win  Wout )  ( Emass ,in  Emass ,out )  Esystem
but Enthalpy  h  u  Pv
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FLOW WORK AND THE ENERGY OF A FLOWING FLUID

• control volumes involve mass flow across their boundaries, and some work is required to push the
mass into or out of the control volume. This work is known as the flow work, or flow energy, and is
necessary for maintaining a continuous flow through a control volume.
• If the fluid pressure is P and the cross-sectional area of the fluid element is A (Fig. 4–49), the force
applied on the fluid element by the imaginary piston is
• To push the entire fluid element into the control volume, this force must act
through a distance L. Thus, the work done in pushing the fluid element across
the boundary (i.e., the flow work) is
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• The mass flow rate through the entire control volume remains constant
and is denoted by Then the energy balance for single-stream steady-flow systems
becomes.
• By m · gives the energy balance on a unit-mass basis as
are the heat transfer and work done per unit mass of the working fluid,
respectively.
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SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES

 Nozzles and Diffusers
• Nozzles and diffusers are commonly utilized in jet engines, rockets, spacecraft, and even garden
hoses.
• A nozzle is a device that increases the velocity of a fluid at the expense of pressure.
• A diffuser is a device that increases the pressure of a fluid by slowing it down.
• The rate of heat transfer between the fluid flowing through a nozzle or a diffuser and the
surroundings is usually very small ( )
• Nozzles and diffusers typically involve no work (W=0 ) and any change in potential energy is
negligible ().
• But nozzles and diffusers usually involve very high velocities, and as a fluid passes through a nozzle
or diffuser.
7

 Turbines and Compressors
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 Throttling Valves
• Throttling valves are any kind of flow-restricting devices that cause a significant
pressure drop in the fluid. Some familiar examples are ordinary adjustable
valves, capillary tubes, and porous plugs
• Enthalpy values at the inlet and exit of

a throttling valve are the same.
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 Mixing Chambers
• The section where the mixing process takes place is commonly referred
to as a mixing chamber. It is An ordinary T-elbow or a Y-elbow in a shower
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 Mixing Chambers
• Combining the mass and energy balances,
• If you want to find mass flow rate ratio, Dividing this equation by m·2
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 Heat Exchanger
• Heat exchangers are devices where two moving fluid streams exchange heat without
mixing. The simplest form of a heat exchanger is a double-tube (also called tube and-
shell) heat exchanger.
• Under steady operation, the mass flow rate of each fluid stream flowing through a
heat exchanger remains constant.
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 Heat Exchanger example
• Mass balance:
for each fluid stream since there is no mixing.
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Example for Energy balance for Open system
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Example for Energy balance for Open system
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SFEE for unit mass is
u1  P1 v1  KE1  PE1  Q  u2  P 2 v2  KE2  PE2  W

C12 C22
u1  P1 v1   gZ1  Q  u2  P 2 v2   gZ 2  W
2 2
if inlet and outlet is at same level or elevation then Z1  Z 2
C12 C22
u1  P1 v1   Q  u2  P 2 v 2  W
2 2
C12 C22
h1   Q  h2  W
2 2
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• Example 1
The power output of an adiabatic steam turbine is 5 MW, and the inlet and the exit
conditions of the steam are as indicated in Fig.
(a) Compare the magnitudes of Δh ,ΔK.E, and ΔPE.
(b) Determine the work done per unit mass of the steam flowing through the turbine.
(c) Calculate the mass flow rate of the steam
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• Example 1 ( continue )
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• Example 2
A pump is a device that raises the pressure of a liquid . Determine the pumping power to
raise the pressure of liquid water from 10 kPa to 2000 kPa at a flow rate of 1000 L/min if
z1 = -10, z2 = 0 .Assume density of water to be 1000 kg/m3 and the process is adiabatic ,
also neglect changes in specific internal and kinetic energies. ( Use first law of
thermodynamic for open system ) .
State 1: P = 10 Kpa , flow rate = 1000 L/ min , density = 1000 kg/m3 , Z1= -10 m
State 2: P = 2000 Kpa , Z2 = 0
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,
• Example 2
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Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes
• Then the conservation of mass principle requires that the total amount of mass
entering a control volume equal the total amount of mass leaving it
• Many engineering devices such as nozzles, diffusers, turbines,

compressors, and pumps involve a single stream (only one inlet and one exit)
• Special Case: Incompressible Flow ( density = constant)
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Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes

• Example 2
22

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Module 3.

Energy Analysis of Open System

Qnet ,in  Wnet ,out  Esystem

Qnet ,in  Wnet ,out  U system

Flow Energy Equation NFEE 2

Energy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems

Energy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems

FLOW WORK AND THE ENERGY OF A FLOWING FLUID

Energy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems

• By m · gives the energy balance on a unit-mass basis as

SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES

SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES

SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES

• Enthalpy values at the inlet and exit of

SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES

SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES

• Combining the mass and energy balances,

for each fluid stream since there is no mixing.

u1  P1 v1  KE1  PE1  Q  u2  P 2 v2  KE2  PE2  W

• Many engineering devices such as nozzles, diffusers, turbines,

• Special Case: Incompressible Flow ( density = constant)

Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes

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