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Multiple Alleles

Multiple alleles are alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same locus on homologous chromosomes and govern alternative forms of the same trait. Key characteristics of multiple alleles include: 1) Only two alleles may be present in a diploid genotype at a time. 2) They control the same trait but with varying degrees of efficiency. 3) A wild-type allele is usually dominant over mutant alleles, which may show complete, partial, intermediate, or codominance among themselves. The human ABO blood group system is an example that is governed by multiple alleles at three loci - ABO, Secretor, and Precursor - which determine the A, B, and O blood group phenotypes through interactions between autos

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169 views11 pages

Multiple Alleles

Multiple alleles are alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same locus on homologous chromosomes and govern alternative forms of the same trait. Key characteristics of multiple alleles include: 1) Only two alleles may be present in a diploid genotype at a time. 2) They control the same trait but with varying degrees of efficiency. 3) A wild-type allele is usually dominant over mutant alleles, which may show complete, partial, intermediate, or codominance among themselves. The human ABO blood group system is an example that is governed by multiple alleles at three loci - ABO, Secretor, and Precursor - which determine the A, B, and O blood group phenotypes through interactions between autos

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sulha m
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MULTIPLE ALLELES

• It is reported by Morgan in 1914


• Multiple alleles are the three or more alternative forms of a gene, which
arise by mutation, occupy the same locus on homologous chromosomes ,
and govern the alternative forms of the same trait.
• The multiple alleles of a gene normally affect similar processes or similar
parts in an organism.
• Only two members of the multiple alleles of a given gene may be present in the diploid
genotype at a time .
• Multiple alleles are distinct from multiple factors.
• Multiple alleles represent the alleles at a given locus, whereas multiple factors represent
the alleles at different loci.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MULTIPLE ALLELES

1. Multiple alleles invariably occupy the same locus on homologous


chromosomes.
2. In a diploid cell or organism, only two alleles of a multiple allelic group
may be found, and in haploid cells there will be only one allele of each set.
3. There is no crossing over between the members of a multiple allelic set,.This is because
this is because of they occupy the same locus and crossing over always involves
intergenic recombination.
• Multiple alleles always control the same trait and in this function they manifest varying degrees of
efficiency, so the expression trait depends upon the alleles involved.
• Among multiple alleles a wild type (normal) allele is almost always dominant over the mutant alleles. At
the same time, the mutant alleles may be show complete, partial, intermediate, or codominance among
themselves.
• Multiple alleles appear to act in some way to control the different steps of a metabolic pathway.
• Multiple alleles do not exhibit complementation(production of a wild –type phenotype by the combination
of two different mutations in a diploid hybrid or a heterokaryon). In other words across between two mutant
alleles will always prod… .a mutant or intermediate phenotype, and never a wild-type genotype.
• The F2 generation of crosses involving multiple alleles show the typical 3:1 monohybrid
ratio with respect to the trait considered.

• Examples :
• Self sterility in Nicotiana
• Fur colour in rabbit
• ABO blood group system in Man
HUMAN ABO BLOOD
GROUP SYSTEM
In1900 Australian physician Karl Landsteiner discovered two kinds of antigens
and their antibodies.

The antigens were termed A and B, and the antibodies a and b.

Antibodies Present in blood as natural constituents.


• The inheritance of human A,B and O blood group phenotypes is governed by multiple
alleles and it entails the interaction between autosomal alleles.
• The interacting alleles belong to three distinct loci on three different chromosomes.
• They are
• ABO locus
• Secretor locus
• Precursor locus
• Bernstein in 1924 ,pointed out that ABO locus govern the production of AntigensA and B. It has an antigenic autosomal gene. Termed I
• This gene has three alleles, namely IA IB and IO.
• The alleles IA and IB are dominant to IO.
• At the same time, in between them IA and IBare codominant to each other.
• So, they will be expressed equally and separately when they exist together in AB group persons.
• The allele IA controls the production of antigen A andIB controls the production of antigen B.
• But, the recessive allele Iº controls no antigen
• . So, its homozygous condition results in the phenotype O. A-group persons are either homozygous or heterozygous for the allele I^ (I^ I^ or
I^ 1°), and B-group people are homozygous or heterozygous for the allele 1³ (1ª 1 or 1 10).
• But, AB group individuals are always heterozy gous having the alleles I^ and I (1A 1B). Since these two alleles are codominant to each
other, the AB phenotype shows the full effect of both of them.
THANK YOU
Sulha M (123)
Genetics

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