Physical Chemistry Practical-IV

Mentor
Co-Workers

Dr. A A S Mostafa Zahid

Associate Professor, Dept of
Chemistry
LET’S HAVE A GLANCE OVER MY CONTEXT

1. Name of the experiment

2. Theory
3. Apparatus
4. Procedure
5. Data table
6. Calculations
7. Plotting
8. Calculations for regression table
9. Result & discussion
Determination of radius of sucrose molecule from
viscosity measurement

1. How?
2. Why?
Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow.

A fluid with low viscosity flows easily because it’s molecular

makeup results in very little friction when it is in motion.

Relative viscosity refers to the ratio of the viscosity of a solution

to the viscosity of the solvent.
η r= η / η 0
= viscosity of a solution/viscosity of the solvent
Theory:  For dilute solution ( C ≤0.1M) Einstein relation is given by
η r =(1+0.5 φ) = (1+0.5 φ)(1+2 φ-3)
≈1+2.5 φ - -2 +…….
≈ 1+2.5 φ [as φ is small]
where φ = ( volume of solute )/(volume of solvent )
= v/V
and η r = relative viscosity of the solution
if C is the concentration of the solution then the total molecules of the
solute per liter of solution =C*N
then ,v(volume of solute )=6.023* * C * 4/3 π [r=radius of solute
molecule]
If volume of solution ,V = 1000mL then
φ= v/V = (6.023* * C * 4/3 π )/1000mL
= 6.023* * C * 4/3 π
Therefore ,
η r =(1+2.5 φ) =1+2.5(6.023* * C * 4/3 π )
= 1+6.31 * C
η r -1 = (6.31 * )C
So, the plot of (η r -1) vs C is a straight line passing
through the origin with slope= 6.31 * * .

(η r -1) slope=
6.31 * *
Hence , r = {slope*(6.31* 1021)} 1/3
C
Apparatus

Density bottle Viscometer

Pipette & Burette Digital Balance
Preparation of sucrose solution

Amount of sucrose required ,

=
= 17.114 g

Taken amount = 17.112 g

Actual concentration= M
= 0.19997M
 Table 1: Preparation of daughter solutions
Conc. of solution Volume of Conc of parent Volume of Actual conc of
to be solution to be solution /M parent solution the prepared
prepared /M prepared/mL taken/mL solution /M

0.01 2.5 0.0099985

0.02 5.0 0.019997

0.03 7.5 0.029995

50.00 0.19997
0.05 12.5 0.049992

0.07 17.5 0.069989

0.08 20 0.079988

0.10 25 0.099985
Density of water at 32c = 0.9950302 g
Viscosity coefficient of water at 32= 0.764557 cP

Table 2: Calibration of density bottle and viscometer

Mass of empty Mass of Mass of Volume of Efflux time /s Calibration
density bottle density bottle water/g density bottle constant
/g with water /g /mL cPmL

13.910 23.648 9.738 9.786 66.87 0.011489

Calibration constant ,A=

= 0.011489 cPmL
 Table 3: viscosity coefficient and relative viscosity of each
solutions

Conc of Mass of Mass of Density of of Efflux time Viscosity Relative

solution density solution each solution of each coefficient viscosity
/M bottle with /g /gml-1 solution /cP
solution /s
/g

0.0099985 23.658 9.748 0.99611 67.34 0.77065 1.00796

0.019997 23.665 9.755 0.99683 68.56 0.78518 1.02697

0.029995 23.678 9.768 0.99816 68.87 0.78979 1.03300

0.049992 23.716 9.806 1.0020 69.12 0.79570 1.04073

0.069989 23.731 9.821 1.0035 70.30 0.81050 1.06009

0.079988 23.746 9.836 1.0051 70.79 0.81745 1.06918

0.099985 23.770 9.860 1.0076 73.10 0.84622 1.10681

Calculations:
For 0.0099985 M solution:
Viscosity coefficient, η = Aρt
= 0.011489 * 0.99611 * 67.34
=0.77065 cP

Similarly,
For 0.019997 M solution , η= 0.78518 cP
For 0.029995 M solution , η=0.78979 cP
For 0.049992 M solution , η=0.79570 cP
For 0.069989 M solution , η=0.81050 cP
For 0.079988 M solution , η=0.81745 cP
For 0.099985 M solution , η=0.84622 cP
For 0.0099985 M solution:
Relative viscosity = 0.77065 cP /0.764557 cP
= 1.00796

Similarly,
For 0.019997 M solution , η r = 1.02697cP
For 0.029995 M solution , η r =1.003300cP
For 0.049992 M solution , η r =1.04073 cP
For 0.069989 M solution , η r =1.06009 cP
For 0.079988 M solution , η r =1.06918 cP
For 0.099985 M solution , η r =1.10681 cP
Calculations of ηr-1 for each solution
For 0.0099985M solution, ηr-1 = 0.00796cP
For 0.019997M solution, ηr-1 =0.02697cP
For 0.029995M solution, ηr-1 = 0.03300cP
For 0.049992M solution, ηr-1 = 0.04073cP
For 0.069989M solution, ηr-1 = 0.06009cP
For 0.079988M solution, ηr-1 =0.06918cP
For 0.099985M solution, ηr-1 =0.10681cP
 Table 4: Plot and regression analysis:
xi =c yi = ηr -1 xi-x̅ yi-ȳ̄ (xi-x̅) 2 (yi-ȳ̄) 2 (xi-x̅) (yi-ȳ̄)

0.0099985 0.00796 -0.041421 -0.041288 1.7156* 1.704* 1.7101*

0.019997 0.02697 -0.031423 -0.022278 9.8740* 4.9630* 7.0004*

0.029995 0.03300 -0.021425 -0.016244 4.5903* 2.6399* 3.4811*

0.049992 0.04073 -0.001428 -0.008518 2.03918* 7.2556* 1.2163*

0.069989 0.06009 0.018569 0.010842 3.4480* 1.1754* 2.0132*

0.079988 0.06918 0.028568 0.019932 8.16130* 3.9725* 5.6941*

0.099985 0.10681 0.048565 0.57562 2.35855* 3.3133* 2.7954*

x̅=0.051420 ȳ̄=0.049248 =
6.6835* =6.63* =6.3365*
 ηr -1 vs C plot
0.12

0.1

f(x) = 0.948091365451109 x + 0.000497103929769045

R² = 0.943770907562913
0.08
ηr -1

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12

C
Slope = = = 0.9480

Regression analysis, r2 =
=
= 0.94457
Radius of sucrose, r = {slope*(6.31* 1021)} 1/3
= 0.9480 *(6.31* 1021)} 1/3
= 5.316 * 10-8 cm
Result: The radius of sucrose molecule was found 5.316 * 10-8 cm at
320C
Conclusion:
The radius of the sucrose molecule at roughly 4.5* 10-8 cm at 320 C. But my experimental finding is 5.316 * 10-8 cm. This variation of
result is due to some errors and limitations including instrumental error, human error, and finally temp. differences etc.
Precautions

1. Special care should be taken during the preparation of solutions.

2. The density bottle is supposed to be rinsed before every use with solutions.
3. To make a minimum error, the weight of the salt and empty density bottle with and without solutions should be taken
attentively.
Suggestion

1. Clean the apparatus with the appropriate reagent carefully.

2. Experiment attentively and carefully.
3. Scaling the graph correctly.
4. Take the stopwatch reading accurately.
Reference Book
1. D.P. Shoemaker et al: Experiment in
physical chemistry.
2. K.K. Sharma: An introduction of
physical Chemistry.
3. J.Rose: A Textbook of practical
physical chemistry
 Submitted to,
Dr. A A S Mostofa Zahid
Associate Professor
Department of
Chemistry
Rajshahi University Presented By,
Majedul Shah
ID- 1810923155
The End