CCNA Semester 1: Layer 3 Protocols

CCNA Semester 1
Chapter 10
LAYER 3 PROTOCOLS
LAYER 3 DEVICES AND NETWORK TO NETWORK COMMUNICATION
Internetworking
Path determination
Path determination is the process that the router uses to choose the next hop in the path for the packet to travel to its destination based on the link bandwidth, hop, delay ...
4
Router
A router is a type of internetworking device that passes data packets between networks, based on Layer 3 addresses. A router has the ability to make intelligent decisions regarding the best path for delivery of data on the network.
IP addresses
IP addresses are implemented in software, and refer to the network on which a device is located. IP addressing scheme, according to their geographical location, department, or floor within a building. Because they are implemented in software, IP addresses are fairly easy to change.
6
Router and Bridge
Router connections
Routers connect two or more networks, each of which must have a unique network number in order for routing to be successful. The unique network number is incorporated into the IP address that is assigned to each device attached to that network.
Router Interface
Router function
Router function (cont.1)
Strips off the data link header, Strips off the data link header, carried by the frame. carried by the frame. (The data link header contains the (The data link header contains the MAC addresses of the source and MAC addresses of the source and destination.) destination.)
1
Examines the network layer Examines the network layer address to determine the address to determine the destination network. destination network.
1
Consults its routing tables to Consults its routing tables to determine which of its interfaces it determine which of its interfaces it will use to send the data, in order will use to send the data, in order for it to reach its destination for it to reach its destination network. network.
1
Send the data out interface B1, the Send the data out interface B1, the router would encapsulate the data router would encapsulate the data in the appropriate data link frame. in the appropriate data link frame.
1
Router Interface example
Interface is a routers attachment to a network, it may also be referred to as a port. In IP routing. Each interface must have a separate, unique network address.
1
IP address assignment
static addressing and dynamic addressing
Static addressing
You must go to each individual device and configure it with an IP address. You should keep very meticulous records, because problems can occur on the network if you use duplicate IP addresses.
Dynamic addressing
There are a few different methods that you can use to assign IP addresses dynamically:
RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Protocol. BOOTP: BOOTstrap Protocol. DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.
Dynamic addressing: RARP

RARP Request
RARP Reply
MAC: Known MAC: Known IP: IP: Unknown Unknown
RARP server
Dynamic addressing: BOOTP

UDP Broadcast
UDP Broadcast
IP Address IP Address IP of server IP of server Vendor-specific Vendor-specific
BOOTP server MAC1 IP1 MAC1 IP1 MAC2 IP2 MAC2 IP2 MAC3 IP3 MAC3 IP3
Dynamic addressing: DHCP

DHCP Discover UDP Broadcast DHCP Offer UDP Broadcast DHCP Request DHCP Ack
DHCP server IP1 IP1 IP2 IP2 IP3 IP3
IP Address IP Address Gateway Gateway IP of servers IP of servers And more And more
ARP CONCEPT
Encapsulation
Address resolution protocol

In order for devices to communicate, the sending devices need both the IP addresses and the MAC addresses of the destination devices. When they try to communicate with devices whose IP addresses they know, they must determine the MAC addresses. ARP enables a computer to find the MAC address of the computer that is associated with an IP address.
2
Address resolution protocol
ARP table in host
AM R
ARP operation
ARP Table:
?
10.0.2.1 A.B.C.1.2.3
MAC A.B.C.1.2.3
MAC
IP IP 10.0.2.1 10.0.2.9
Data
10.0.2.5 A.B.C.4.5.6
10.0.2.9 A.B.C.7.8.9
A
2
ARP operation: ARP request

MAC A.B.C.1.2.3
IP IP MAC What is your MAC Addr? ff.ff.ff.ff.ff.ff 10.0.2.1 10.0.2.9
10.0.2.1 A.B.C.1.2.3
10.0.2.5 A.B.C.4.5.6
10.0.2.9 A.B.C.7.8.9
A
2
ARP operation: Checking

MAC A.B.C.1.2.3
IP IP MAC What is your MAC Addr? ff.ff.ff.ff.ff.ff 10.0.2.1 10.0.2.9
is t P ha y I T m
10.0.2.1 A.B.C.1.2.3 10.0.2.5 A.B.C.4.5.6 10.0.2.9 A.B.C.7.8.9
A
2
ARP operation: ARP reply

MAC A.B.C.7.8.9 MAC A.B.C.1.2.3
IP IP 10.0.2.9 10.0.2.1
This is my MAC Addr
10.0.2.1 A.B.C.1.2.3
10.0.2.5 A.B.C.4.5.6
10.0.2.9 A.B.C.7.8.9
A
3
ARP operation: Caching

ARP Table:
A.B.C.7.8.9 10.0.2.9
IP IP MAC MAC A.B.C.1.2.3 A.B.C.7.8.9 10.0.2.1 10.0.2.9
Data
10.0.2.1 A.B.C.1.2.3
10.0.2.5 A.B.C.4.5.6
10.0.2.9 A.B.C.7.8.9
A
3
ARP: Destination local
Internetwork communication
How to communicate with devices that are not on the same physical network segment.
3
Default gateway
In order for a device to communicate with another device on another network, you must supply it with a default gateway. A default gateway is the IP address of the interface on the router that connects to the network segment on which the source host is located. In order for a device to send data to the address of a device that is on another network segment, the source device sends the data to a default gateway.
3
Proxy ARP
AR PR ep ly
Proxy ARP is a variation of the ARP. In the case the source host does not have a default gateway configured.
3
ARP: Destination not local
ARP Flowchart
Send Data to a device
Is the MAC address in my ARP cache
Send an ARP request
Y
Send Data
3
Get an ARP reply
ARP table in router
The router interface connected to the network has an IP address for that network. Routers, just like every other device on the network, send and receive data on the network. If router connects to a LAN, it builds ARP tables that maps IP addresses to MAC addresses in that interface.
3
ARP table in routers and in hosts
Preparation for LAB
Lab:
Protocol inspector and ARP
ROUTED AND ROUTING PROTOCOLS
Network protocols
In order to allow two host communicate together through internetwork, they need a same network protocol. Protocols are like languages. IP is a network layer protocol.
4
Network protocol operation
Routed protocol
Protocols that provide support for the network layer are called routed or routable protocols. IP is a network layer protocol, and because of that, it can be routed over an internetwork.
4
Protocol addressing variations
Three important routed protocols
TCP/IP:
04 bytes
Class A: 1 byte network + 3 bytes host Class B: 2 bytes network + 2 bytes host Class C: 3 bytes network + 1 byte host
IPX/SPX: AppleTalk:
10 bytes 03 bytes
4 bytes network + 6 bytes host 2 bytes network + 1 byte host

4
Non-routable protocol
Non-routable protocols are protocols that do not support Layer 3. The most common of these non-routable protocols is NetBEUI. NetBEUI is a small, fast, and efficient protocol that is limited to running on one segment.
4
Addressing of a routable protocol
Routing table
131.108.1.0 131.108.2.0 131.108.3.0
E0 E1 E2
Multi-protocol routing
Classification #1: Static and Dynamic

Static routes:
The network administrator manually enter the routing information in the router.
Dynamic routes:
Routers can learn the information from each other on the fly. Using routing protocol to update routing information. RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF
5
Static routes
Dynamic routes
Static vs. dynamic routes

Static routes:
For hiding parts of an internetwork. To test a particular link in a network. For maintaining routing tables whenever there is only one path to a destination network.
Dynamic routes:
Maintenance of routing table. Timely distribution of information in the form of routing updates. Relies on routing protocol to share knowledge. Routers can adjust to changing network conditions.
5
Routing protocol
Routing protocols determine the paths that routed protocols follow to their destinations. Routing protocols enable routers that are connected to create a map, internally, of other routers in the network or on the Internet.
5
Routed vs. Routing protocol
ols ed toc out pro w r ted g tin e ho rou u Ro min s are ter ocol de ot pr
Classification #2: IGP and EGP
Dynamic routes. Interior Gateway Protocols (RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF):

Be used within an autonomous system, a network of routers under one administration, like a corporate network, a school district's network, or a government agency's network.
Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP, BGP):

Be used to route packets between autonomous systems.
IGP vs. EGP
IGP IGP
EGP
Classification #3: DVP and LSP
Distance-Vector Protocols (RIP, IGRP):

View network topology from neighbors perspective. Add distance vectors from router to router. Frequent, periodic updates. Pass copy of routing tables to neighbor routers.
Link State Protocols (OSPF):

Gets common view of entire network topology. Calculates the shortest path to other routers. Event-triggered updates. Passes link state routing updates to other routers.
5
Distance vector routing
Link state routing
RIP
Most popular. Interior Gateway Protocol. Distance Vector Protocol. Only metric is number of hops. Maximum number of hops is 15. Updates every 30 seconds. Doesnt always select fastest path. Generates lots of network traffic.
6
IGRP and EIGRP

Cisco proprietary. Interior Gateway Protocol. Distance Vector Protocol. Metric is compose of bandwidth, load, delay and reliability. Maximum number of hops is 255. Updates every 90 seconds. EIGRP is an advanced version of IGRP, that is hybrid routing protocol.
6
OSPF
Open Shortest Path First. Interior Gateway Protocol. Link State Protocol. Metric is compose of cost, speed, traffic, reliability, and security. Event-triggered updates.
Q&A

CCNA Semester 1: Layer 3 Protocols

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CCNA Semester 1: Layer 3 Protocols

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CCNA Semester 1: Layer 3 Protocols

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CCNA Semester 1

LAYER 3 DEVICES AND NETWORK TO NETWORK COMMUNICATION

Router and Bridge

Router function (cont.1)

Router function (cont.2)

Router function (cont.3)

Router function (cont.4)

Router Interface example

static addressing and dynamic addressing

Dynamic addressing: RARP

MAC: Known MAC: Known IP: IP: Unknown Unknown

Dynamic addressing: BOOTP

MAC: Known MAC: Known IP: IP: Unknown Unknown

IP Address IP Address IP of server IP of server Vendor-specific Vendor-specific

Dynamic addressing: DHCP

DHCP server IP1 IP1 IP2 IP2 IP3 IP3

MAC: Known MAC: Known IP: IP: Unknown Unknown

Address resolution protocol

Address resolution protocol

ARP table in host

ARP operation: ARP request

IP IP MAC What is your MAC Addr? ff.ff.ff.ff.ff.ff 10.0.2.1 10.0.2.9

ARP operation: Checking

IP IP MAC What is your MAC Addr? ff.ff.ff.ff.ff.ff 10.0.2.1 10.0.2.9

ARP operation: ARP reply

This is my MAC Addr

ARP operation: Caching

IP IP MAC MAC A.B.C.1.2.3 A.B.C.7.8.9 10.0.2.1 10.0.2.9

ARP: Destination local

ARP: Destination not local

Is the MAC address in my ARP cache

Send an ARP request

Get an ARP reply

ARP table in router

ARP table in routers and in hosts

Preparation for LAB

ROUTED AND ROUTING PROTOCOLS

Network protocol operation

Protocol addressing variations

Three important routed protocols

4 bytes network + 6 bytes host 2 bytes network + 1 byte host

Addressing of a routable protocol

131.108.1.0 131.108.2.0 131.108.3.0

Classification #1: Static and Dynamic

Static vs. dynamic routes

Routed vs. Routing protocol

Classification #2: IGP and EGP

Dynamic routes. Interior Gateway Protocols (RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF):

Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP, BGP):

IGP vs. EGP

Classification #3: DVP and LSP

Distance-Vector Protocols (RIP, IGRP):

Link State Protocols (OSPF):

Distance vector routing

Link state routing

IGRP and EIGRP

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.