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The document discusses discourse and text. It states that discourse emerges through texts, and defines discourse as a meaning that is realized in text. Text is any unit of language that is functional in context. Discourse is associated with social institutions and genres that favor certain types of texts. The relationship between meaning and expression is also discussed, where meaning is realized through expression.

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41 views23 pages

Presentation 1

The document discusses discourse and text. It states that discourse emerges through texts, and defines discourse as a meaning that is realized in text. Text is any unit of language that is functional in context. Discourse is associated with social institutions and genres that favor certain types of texts. The relationship between meaning and expression is also discussed, where meaning is realized through expression.

Uploaded by

Afore Tahir Harefa
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Specific Instructional Objectives

 to state the definition of discourse,

 to relate the notion of discourse to text,

 to elaborate the notion of semiotic, and

 to exemplify realizations of text.


Analyze this discourse

The relation between


discourse and text is one of
emergence; discourse
emerges in and through
texts.
LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL CONTEXT

IDEOLOGY

CULTURE

REGISTER

LANGUAGE
Meaning and Social Context
1. We will hold an operation tomorrow.
2. Ben was absent because he was ill.
3. Ben’s absence was caused by his illness.
4. She carried thousands of passangers on board.
5. No, we do not want the room with number 13.
6. She is the scapegoat in this case.
7. We know she reads a lot; she is really a bookworm.
8. She is lovely like the morning star.
9. Benni tidak hadir sebab dia sakit.
10. Ketidakhadiran Benni disebabkan oleh penyakitnya
11. Bapak pergi ibu marah
12. Kepergian bapak disebabkan kemarahan ibu
Discourse Analysis
• Text is any unit of language or linguistic
form that is functional in context
• Discourse finds its realization in text
• Discourse is defined as a meaning that is
realized in text
p.s.
• some linguists have tended to use the term discourse and
text without sharp distinction. Halliday (1994), for example,
has used the two terms interchangeably.
RANDOM COLLECTION OF SENTENCES
VS. COHERENT PASSAGE
• A fortnight ago, I walked into a gloomy isolation shelter
constructed of black plastic stretched over eucalyptus poles.
Sprawled on the dirt floor was a young lad we had nicknamed
Snakebite. He was brought in by one of the nurses early in the
morning, after being bitten on the foot by a snake which had
slithered into his shelter. Snakebite survived that incident, but
he looked close to death through shock and hunger.

• The offspring born, some say, of a marriage of convenience,


died in the infancy last Sunday. Walk into any office and you
are likely to be offered a cup of Chinese tea or a cup of coffee.
It is becoming acceptable for women to visit-either in groups
or alone discos and lounges for enjoyable night out.
1. In England , however, the tungsten-tipped spikes would tear the thin tarmac surfaces
of our roads to pieces as soon as the protective layer of snow or ice melted.
2. Road maintenance crews try to reduce the danger of the skidding by scattering sand
upon the road surfaces
3. We therefore have to settle for the method described above as the lesser of two evils.
4. Their spikes grip the icy surfaces and enable the motorist to corner safely where
non-spiked tyres would be disastrous.
5. Its main drawback is that if there are fresh snow falls the whole process has to be
repeated, and if the snowfalls continue, it becomes increasingly ineffective in
providing some kind of grip for tyres.
6. These tyres prevent most skidding and are effective in the extreme weather
conditions as long as the roads are regularly cleared of loose snow.
7. Such a measure is generally adequate for our very brief snowfalls.
8. Whenever there is snow in England, some of the country roads may have black ice.
9. In Norway, where there may be snow and ice for nearly seven months of the year,
the law requires that all cars be fitted with special steel spiked tyres.
10. Motorist coming suddenly upon stretches of black ice may find themselves skidding
off the road
TOOLS FOR DISCOURSE

• To clarify the distinction another term needs


introducing, that is semiotics
• Semiotics is a study on the production and
interpretation of meaning
• Two aspects constitute the semiotic study: meaning and
expression.
• The relation of meaning to expression is one of
realization.
• Meaning is realized by expression
SPEAK/WRITE/SIMULTANEOUSLY
CONSTRUCT THE REALITY

 Significance give meaning or value

 Activities recognition to a certain sort of


activity

 Identities recognition to a certain


identity or role

 Relationships what we,want to,trying to


have
SPEAK/WRITE/SIMULTANEOUSLY
CONSTRUCT THE REALITY

 Politics perspective on social goods

 Connections rendering to certain


thing/relevance

 Sign systems and knowledge making certain sign


systems, forms of knowledge/belief
MEANING AND EXPRESSION IN SEMIOTICS
• “Stop”

red light
• “Be cautious”

yellow/amber light
• “Pass on”

green light
Meaning and Expression in Semiotics
• One meaning is potentially coded by more
than one expression and..
• Expression can code more than one meaning.
• Happy (meaning): smiling E
X
laughing P
R
crying E
S
dancing S
I
realizations jumping O
N
whistling S
Meaning and Expression in Semiotics

• The two elements of meaning and


expression are properties of general
semiotics.
• The semiotics of language is a social one
with three elements/strata, namely
meaning, form and expression.
• The three elements or strata of language
semiotics, are technically called semantics,
lexicogrammar and sounds
Realization Of Meaning

'Meaning' Forms Lexicogramamtical


Aspects
'asking someone 1. Open the door! Imperative
to open the door' 2. Please open the door! Imperative
3. I would like you to open the Declarative
door.
4. Can you open the door? Modality
5. You must open the door. Modality
6. You are required to open the Declarative
door.
7. It is very stuffy in this ' room. Declarative
8. If I were you I would open the Conditional
door.
Roles Commodity

Information Good & Services

Giving Statement Offer

Demanding Question Command

LANGUAGE IN SOCIETY
(SPEECH FUNCTION: HALLIDAY 1994:68)
Text and Discourse
No Discourse Text

1 Meaning Expression

2 Function or content Form or material

3 Sociological basis Linguistic basis

4 Social significance Structure of language

5 Social domain Linguistic domain


MORE ABOUT DISCOURSE…
 Discourse is also regarded as mode of talking which is
associated to social institutions
 Various kinds of discourse, such as legal discourse, racist
discourse, medical discourse, journalistic discourse,
historical discourse, academic discourse and political
discourse.
TEXT ON DISCOURSE
 Firstly, on the basis of semiotic system, text is realization of
discourse.
 the presence of any LFs in the text always point to some
aspects of the discourse (expression)
 direct relation

 Secondly, discourse is associated to social institutions that


favor a certain genre (type or kind of text).
 the features of genre determine textual features

 Indirect relation
TEXT AS SEMANTIC UNIT

A text or discourse is a linguistic unit that is


functional in context

 The term linguistic unit refers to any unit of language


such as sound, morpheme, word, phrase, clause,
sentence, paragraph and the whole body of a book.

 The term functional means doing something and


expressing meaning or meaningful.
TEXT AS SEMANTIC UNIT
 Context is defined the surrounding or the environment
of the text.

 Anyof the linguistic form that conveys or expresses


meaning in its context is regarded as text or discourse.

 In this sense a text is semantic unit. It is not a


grammatical unit like a morpheme, word, phrase and
clause.
Linguistic Units

• Sounds
• Words
• Phrases-Clauses-Sentences
• Paragraphs
Text as Semantic Unit
• In terms of its medium:

 text may be spoken or written.


 A spoken text is one which is realized through the
medium of sounds, such as conversation.
 A written text is one which is realized by script or letters,
such as a letter or document.

• Assignments: D.A p:6(a&b)


Tools of inquiry
• Social language
• Discourses
• Intertextuality
• Conversations

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