GEC12 (READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY)

The 1896 Philippine Revolution

The Revolution of 1896
 Results/ Implication of the Discovery of the
Katipunan
1) Cry of Pugadlawin (Cry of Balintawak)
 Because of the untimely discovery of the Katipunan,
Bonifacio had no other recourse but to take to the
field, despite their lack of arms and ammunitions.
 On August 23, 1896, Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto
and other Katipuneros met at Bahay Toro,
Pugadlawin, Balintawak and gathered at the house of
Melchora Aquino, known as the Mother of the
Katipunan.( She was arrested on August 29,1896 for
aiding the Katipuneros)
 The Katipuneros tore their cedula personales and
shouted “Long Live the Philippines! Long live the
Katipunan! As a show of defiance to the Spanish
government.
 Katipunang Mararahas ng mga Anak ng Bayan
(Society of the Enraged Sons of the Country)
 the last manifesto issued by Bonifacio in
Hagdanang Bato, Mandaluyong urging the Filipinos
to rise up against the Spaniard.
The Cry of Pugadlawin Monument
2. Battle of Pinaglabanan
 At the dawn of August 30, 1896
Bonifacio and his fellow Katipuneros
attacked the polverin (powder depot) in
San Juan Del Monte.
 The Spaniards, armed with superior
rifles, overpowered the revolutionaries
who were only carrying bolos, spears
crude guns called sulsulin and
arkonite.
 Around 150 katipuneros were killed
in this first major battle of the
revolution;
 Due to heavy casualties, Bonifacio
and his surviving men were forced to
retreat in Balara
Battle of Pinaglabanan Shrine
3. Reign of Terror
 an effort initiated by the Spanish authorities to frighten the people into
submission following the sudden outbreak of the revolution and its flame rapidly
spreading to the other provinces of Central Luzon and Southern Tagalog region.
 In the afternoon of August 30, 1896 Gov General Ramon Blanco issued a decree
declaring eight provinces in state of war- Cavite, Manila, Laguna, Batangas,
Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac and Nueva Ecija- under martial rule.
 The decree further provided the granting of pardon to those who would
surrender within 48 hours after the publication of the decree.
 Dr. Pio Valenzuela and a few of his companion took advantage of the said
provision and surrendered to the government
 Mass arrest of suspected members and series of execution of Katipuneros
immediately followed:
 Aug 29- Melchora Aquino was arrested by the Guardia civil and jailed at Bilibid
Prison for giving aid to the Katipuneros.
Reign of Terror
 Sept 4, 1896 – the first Katipunan martyrs, namely, Sancho
Valenzuela, Eugenio Silvestre, Modesto Sarmiento and Ramon Peralta
were executed at Bagumbayan
 Sept 12, 1896 – another thirteen Katipuneros were put to death at
Plaza de Armas, near the Fort of San Felipe in Cavite. They are now
remembered as “Los Trece Martires”, and a city was named in honor
of them.
 Sept 16, 1896- twenty two prominent residents of Manila were
imprisoned in Fort Santiago for alleged involvement in the revolution.
Among them were Antonio and Juan Luna, Ambrosio Salvador,
Ambrosio Rianzares-Bautista, Telesforo Chuidian and Mariano Limjap.
 The following month, more than 150 Filipinos were sent as exiles in
Africa for their alleged participation in the rebellion.
4. Martyrdom of Dr. Jose Rizal
 After serving his 4-year exile in Dapitan,
Rizal was arrested while on his way to
Cuba to serve as a doctor for Spanish
Army.
 He was charged and convicted with the
crime of rebellion, treason and illicit
association.
 He was eventually executed by a firing
squad at Bagumbayan (now Luneta) on
the early morning of December 30, 1896
 The death of Rizal did not dishearten the
revolutionists; on the contrary, they
resolved to fight to the bitter end.
 His execution emboldened the Filipinos to
fight for their country and its
independence.
The Rise of Aguinaldo
as katipunero
 Emilio Aguinaldo was a town mayor of Kawit who
first gained popularity after he had beaten a
guardia civil in a single combat.
 He even became renowned after his successful
uprising in his hometown.
 His famous victory was in the Battle of Imus on
September 5, 1896 after he defeated as Spanish
army contingent led by General Ernesto de Aguirre.
 In the early part of November 1896, he liberated the
town Talisay, Batangas from the Spanish soldiers.
 Because of his series of victories, the people
admired his qualities as a military leader, the
people then called him Heneral Miong, from being
Capitan Miong.
Did You Know?
The Twin Battles of Binakayan
and Dalahican was November 9-
11, 1896
The First Filipino Victory in
Cavite
The Spanish regular army under
the personal command of
Governor General Ramon Blanco
were tremendously defeated by the
combined forces of Magdalo and
Magdiwang forces.
Candido Tirona, the Secretary of
War of the Magdalo Council died
in the battle.
KATIPUNAN IN VISAYAS AND MINDANAO
In Aklan, Candido Iban and Francisco del Rosario organized the
KKK Chapter and recruited a thousand members. In March
1897, del Castillo and his men marched to Kalibo to fight the
Spaniards.
He was shot to death resulting to the surrender of his 180
katipuneros. On March 23, 1897, 19 of them were executed as
“Martyrs of Aklan”.
In Capiz, the revoluccionarios led by Esteban Contreras
engaged in guerrilla warfare because of insufficient arms.
In Antique, General Leandro Fullon was sent by Aguinaldo in
Sept 1898 and he captured almost all the northern towns of the
province, including the capital at San Jose de Buenavista.
Katipunan in the Visayas and
Mindanao
In Iloilo, the general uprising erupted on October 28, 1898 .
General Martin Delgado, leader of the Comite Conspirador, established the
Revolutionary Government of the Visayas.
It was inaugurated on Nov 17, 1898 in Sta Barbara Iloilo. In this occasion
the Philippine flag was raised for the first time in the Iloilo province.
In Negros Oriental, Diego de la Vina led the revolutionary forces and the
Spaniards evacuated without any bloodshed
In Cebu, Pantaleon Villegas, more known as Leon Kilat marched to the capital
and took control of the whole province on April 3, 1898.
However, Spanish reinforcement came and able to regain the major towns;
Kilat was killed by a group of disgruntled natives.
In Negros Occidental, a babaylan named Dionesio Magbuelas, with the aid of
General Aniceto Lacson and Juan Araneta, led a successful revolution against
the Spaniards.
They established the Republic of Negros in 1898.
Rivalry in the Katipunan
As the hotbed of the revolution , Cavite had two Katipunan Councils:
Magdalo -headed by Baldomero Aguinaldo (Emilio Aguinaldo’s
cousin), with the town of Noveleta as its capital.
Magdiwang – led by Mariano Alvarez (uncle-in-law of Bonifacio),
making Imus as its capital.
The rivalry between the two factions led to several defeats on the part
of the Katipuneros. Upon the invitation of the Magdiwang Council,
Bonifacio left his hideout in Morong and went to Cavite.
On December 31, 1896, in a meeting hosted by the Magdalo in Imus,
Bonifacio presided over to issues on the establishment of a
revolutionary government under new elected officials to replace the
Katipunan and unification of the Magdiwang and Magdalo forces under
a single command.
The Magdalo faction believed that the Katipunan ceased to be a secret
society following the outbreak of the revolution. The Magdiwang insisted to
retain the Katipunan as it already had a constitution and by-laws.
Due to heated debates arising form the issues, the assembly accomplished
nothing definite.
TEJEROS CONVENTION
a second convention between the Magdalo and Magdiwang held on March
22, 1897 at Tejeros, San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite. The assembled
leaders, mostly members of Magdiwang, decided to replace KKK with a new
government.
Emilio Aguinaldo was elected as President in absentia, while Bonifacio as
the Secretary of the Interior.
Daniel Tirona, a Magdalo, questioned Bonifacio’s election on the ground
thae he was not being qualified for the said position. This angered
Bonifacio and led him to declare null and void all that had been approved
and resolved.
Rivalry in the Katipunan
ACTA DE TEJEROS- a document drafted by Andres Bonifacio on
March 23, 1896 and was signed by 44 other plotter which rejected
the revolutionary government of Aguinaldo on the ground of election
fraud committed by the Magdalo people.
NAIC MILITARY AGREEMENT- another document drafted by
Bonifacio and his conspirator which established a military
government independent of and separate from that of Aguinaldo’s.
It was signed by 41 members, including Artemio Ricarte, Pio del
Pilar, Severino de las Alas and Bonifacio . Del Pilar was chosen as
the commander of the army.
Aguinaldo then went to Naic to confront Bonifacio, but the latter and
his men already fled except Gen del Pilar and Mariano Noriel who
were pardoned by Aguinaldo subsequently joined the latter’s camp.
The Tejeros
Convention
The Fall of Bonifacio: Trial and Execution
Aguinaldo then sent an emissary to peacefully convince Bonifacio to recognize the
Tejeros convention and present a unified stand against the enemy. Bonifacio and
his brothers resisted the arresting officers led by Col Agapito Bozon.
Ciriaco was killed in the skirmishes while Bonifacio was wounded and captured.
The Council of War was then created and was headed by General Mariano
Noriel. Without strong evidences, the military court found the Bonifacio brothers
guilty of treason, sedition and conspiracy to assassinate Aguinaldo and were both
sentenced to death.
During the trial, Del Pilar turned as witness against Bonifacio saying the latter
had been forcing officers to join him in the Naik Military Agreement.
Severino de las Alas, for his part, made false charges that Bonifacio was bribed by
the friars to establish the Katipunan, making the Filipinos fight without sufficient
arms, that would result to their eventual surrender to the authorities.
He further accused Bonifacio ordered the burning of the church and convents of
Indang, Cavite and his soldiers had taken from the people their carabaos and
other animals.
The Fall of Bonifacio: Trial and Execution
Another state witness, Lt Col Pedro Giron, also testified of Bonifacio’s bribe
offer of 10 pesos as initial payment for the assassinate Aguinaldo, but he
refused the offer.
When Bonifacio asked that he should be allowed to confront the witnesses
against him, the military tribunal turned down his request.
It said Giron was killed in battle, but in reality, he was very much alive
and was seen with Aguinaldo’s camp days after Bonifacio’s execution.
Aguinaldo attempted to commute the death sentence to banishment but
del Pilar and Noriel pleaded to retain the original sentence for the sake of
unity of the revolutionary forces.
On May 10, 1897 Gen Noriel ordered Major Lazaro Macapagal thru a
sealed letter to release Bonifacio brothers from prison. The letter , which
was opened as requested by Bonifacio after reaching their destination in
Mt Nagpatong Maragondon , carried a strict order for the execution.
The two were buried on a shallow grave, with two twigs placed on top.
The Govt of Central Luzon
 On April 23, 1897 Governor General Fernando Primo de Rivera succeeded Camilo
de Polavieja who asked for relief after he was tired of fighting the Filipinos who
refused to surrender.
 With his aggressive military campaigns,almost the whole province of Cavite was in
the hands of the Spaniards on May, 1896.
 On May 12, Aguinaldo and his men escaped and retreated to Batangas where he
aided General Miguel Malvar’s forces. Still the Spanish army followed and tried to
trap Aguinaldo;however , on June 10, he and his 500 faithful armed men
succeeded in eluding the enemy after crossing Pasig River, San Juan del Monte
and finally reached Mt Puray in Montalban Rizal.
 On June 14, Aguinaldo and his men clashed with the Spanish troops who
attacked the rebels camp in Mt Puray. After bloody fighting for six hours, the
Filipino rebels won over the Spaniards.
 After the Battle of Mt Puray Aguinaldo then established the Department of
Central Luzon headed by Fr. Pedro Dandan, a canonist at the Manila Cathedral,
as the President.
Biak na Bato Republic:
a revolutionary government established by Aguinaldo in July 1896 while in his
hideout in Biak na Bato San Miguel, Bulacan.
Aguinaldo then issued a proclamation with revolutionary demands, which include:
1. representation in the Spanish Cortes
2. expulsion of the friars and the return to the Filipinos the lands they appropriated
for themselves
3. freedom of press and tolerance of religious sect
4. equality among the peninsular and insular officials5. abolition of banishment of
citizens.
Under the Republican Gov’t, a provisional constitution written by Isabelo Artacho
and Felix Ferrer was adopted. It was copied from Cuban Constitution(Jimaguayu
Constitution) and was signed on Nov 1, 1896.
On November 2, 1896, the Biak na Bato Republic was inaugurated with Emilio
Aguinaldo elected as the President; Mariano Trias as Vice President; Antonio
Montenegro as Secretary of Foreign Affairs; Isabelo Artacho as Secretary of the
Interior; Emiliano Riego de Dios as Secretary of War; and Baldomero Aguinaldo as the
Secretary of the Treasury.
The Truce of Biak-na- Bato
- a peaceful agreement between Aguinaldo revolutionary government and
the Spanish authorities with the aim of ending the hostilities.
Pedro Paterno, a Chinese mestizo, offered his service to act as negotiator.
He was sent by Gov General Primo de Rivera in August 1896 and the
agreement was signed on Dec14-15, 1897.
The agreement provided the following
1. Voluntary exile of Aguinaldo and his officers in Hongkong
2. the payment of the sum of P 800,000 in three instalments: a) P400,000
upon his departure for Biak na Bato;b) P200, 000 when the arms
surrendered by the rebels reached 700; c) the remaining P 200,000
when the general amnesty had been proclaimed and the TE DEUM had
been sung
3. Additional payment of P 900,000 to the families of non-combatant
Filipinos who suffered during the revolution.
Truce of Biak na Bato Monument
The Truce of Biak-na-Bato
Results/Significance
1. Aguinaldo and his 25 leaders went to Lingayen and boarded the ship
Uranus bound for Hongkong on Dec 27, 1897; He had with him the
check for P 400,000. His generals, including Artemio Ricarte left
behind in to supervise the surrender of arms by the revolutionaries
2. The Spanish Government announced the end of hostilities on
January 23, 1897 and amnesty among the rebels was proclaimed two
days later.
3. The Pact of Biak na Bato ended the conflict between Aguinaldo’s
forces and the Spaniards. Thus, Aguinaldo ended the first phase of
the revolution but other revolutionary groups continued their fight.
In his letter to Mariano Ponce dated Feb 19, 1898, Aguinaldo stated he
had signed the truce for the Filipino revolutionists to rest and regain
their lost strength and then return to combat with renewed vigor.
Aguinaldo and his fellow exiles  DID YOU KNOW?
 The Revolution Continued After
Aguinaldo’s Exile
 Periodic clashes between the
Spaniards and Filipino rebels
continued because many of them
remained suspicious of each other.
 In Central Luzon, General Francisco
Makabulos of Tarlac established a
Central Executive Committee which
acted as an independent government.
Its own constitution, known as The
Makabulos Constitution was adopted
on April 17, 1898.
 The revolutionary government
intended to operate temporarily until
the establishment of a central
government run by the Filipinos.
THANK YOU!!!