Musculoskeletal System

Musculoskeletal System
 Describe the anatomy and physiology of the

bones, muscles, and joints.
 Discuss the directional movements of the joints.
 Develop questions to be used when completing
the focused interview.
 Describe the techniques required for assessment
of the musculoskeletal system.
 Differentiate normal from abnormal findings of
the musculoskeletal system.
 Provides structure and movement for the
body
 Consists of bones, skeletal muscles, and
joints
 Allows the body to stand erect and move
 Supports and protects organs
 Produces red blood cells
 Stores fat and minerals
 Generates heat
 Consists of 206 bones
 Provides support for the soft tissue and
organs of the body

 Classification
◦ Long
◦ Short
◦ Flat
◦ Irregular
 Composition
 Major functions
◦ Framework for the body
◦ Protect structures
◦ Act as levers for movement
◦ Store fat and minerals
◦ Produce blood cells
 Major functions
◦ Movement
◦ Posture
◦ Body heat
 Fibrous
 Cartilaginous
 Synovial
 Ankle
 Spine
 Permits Articulation Between the Temporal
Bone and the Mandible
 Ball-and-Socket Joint in Which the Head of
the Humerus Articulates With the Glenoid
Capsule of the Scapula
 Hinge Joint That Allows Articulation of the
Humerus, the Radius, and the Ulna
 Two Rows of Carpal Bones
 Metacarpophalangeal and Interphalangeal
Joints
 Ball-and-Socket Joint Composed of the Head
of the Femur as It Fits Into the Acetabulum
 Patella
 Femur
 Tibia
 Tibia
 Fibula
 Talus
 7 cervical vertebrae
 12 thoracic vertebrae
 5 lumbar vertebrae
 Sacrum
 Flexion
 Extension
 Rotation
 Circumduction
 Elevation
 Protrusion
 Retraction
 Abduction
 Adduction
 Pronation
 Supination
 Inversion
 Eversion
 Gliding
 Specific questions
◦ Illness, infection, or injury
◦ Symptoms
◦ Pain
◦ Behaviors
 Techniques
◦ Inspection
◦ Palpation
 Inspection and palpation of the
temporomandibular joints
 Palpation of the jaw muscles
 Testing the range of motion of the
temporomandibular joints
 Inspection and palpation of the shoulders
 Testing the range of motion of the shoulders
 Testing for muscle strength of the shoulders
 Inspection and palpation of the elbows
 Testing the range of motion of the elbows
 Testing for muscle strength of the elbows
 Inspection and palpation of the wrists and
hands
 Testing the range of motion of the wrists and
hands, including Phalen’s test and Tinel’s
sign
 Testing for muscle strength of the wrists and
hands
 Inspection and palpation of the hips
 Testing the range of motion of the hips
 Testing for muscle strength of the hips
 Inspection and palpation of the knees,
including the bulge sign and ballottement
 Testing the range of motion of the knees
 Testing for muscle strength of the knees
 Inspection and palpation of the ankles and
feet
 Testing the range of motion of the ankles and
feet
 Testing for muscle strength of the ankles and
feet
 Inspection and palpation of the spine
 Testing the range of motion of the spine
 Inflammatory disorders
 Trauma-induced disorders
 Abnormalities of the spine
 Joint disorders
 Dislocations
 Sprains
 Fractures
 Strains
 Kyphosis
 Scoliosis
 Lordosis
 abduction A movement of a limb away from the midline or
median plane of the body, along the frontal plane.
 acetabulum A rounded cavity on the right and left lateral
sides of the pelvic bone.
 adduction The movement of a limb toward the body midline.
 ballottement A technique used to detect fluid, or to examine
or detect floating body structures.
 bursae Small, synovial-fluid-filled sacs that protect
ligaments from friction.
 calcaneous Heel bone.
 cartilaginous joint Bones joined by cartilage.
 circumduction The movement in which the limb describes a
cone in space: while the distal end of the limb moves in a
circle, the joint itself moves only slightly in the joint cavity.

depression The movement in which the elevated part is
moved downward to its original position.
 dislocation A displacement of the bone from its usual
anatomical location in the joint.
 dorsiflexion Flexion of the ankle so that the superior aspect
of the foot approaches the shin.
 elevation A lifting or moving superiorly along a frontal
plane.
 eversion A movement in which the sole of the foot is turned
laterally.
 extension A movement that increases the angle between
the articulating bones.
 fibrous joint Bones joined by fibrous tissue.
 flexion A bending movement that decreases the angle of
the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together.
 fracture A partial or complete break in the continuity of the
bone from trauma.
 gliding The simplest type of joint movements. One flat bone
surface glides or slips over another similar surface. The
bones are merely displaced in relation to one another.
 hallux valgus The great toe is abnormally adducted at the
metatarsophalangeal joint.
 hyperextension A bending of a joint beyond 180 degrees.
 inversion A movement in which the sole of the foot is
turned medially.
 joint (Articulation) is the point where two or more bones in
the body meet.
 kyphosis An exaggerated thoracic dorsal curve that causes
asymmetry between the sides of the posterior thorax.
 lordosis An exaggerated lumbar curve that compensates for
pregnancy, obesity, or other skeletal changes.
 opposition The movement of touching the thumb to the tips of the
other fingers of the same hand.
 plantar flexion Extension of the ankle (pointing the toes).
 pronation Movement of the forearm so that the palm faces
posteriorly or inferiorly.
 protraction A nonangular anterior movement in a transverse plane.
 retraction A nonangular posterior movement in a transverse plane.
 rotation The turning movement of a bone around its own long axis.
 scoliosis The spine curves to the right or left, causing an
exaggerated thoracic convexity on that side.
 sprain A stretching or tearing of the capsule or ligament of a joint
due to forced movement beyond the joint’s normal range.
 strain A partial muscle tear resulting from overstretching or
overuse of the muscle.
 subluxation A partial dislocation of the head of the radius which
occurs commonly when adults dangle children from their hands or
remove their clothing forcibly.
 supination Movement of the forearm so that
the palm faces anteriorly or superiorly.
 synovial joint Bones separated by a fluid-
filled joint cavity.

 tendon Tough fibrous bands that attach
muscle to bone, or muscle to muscle.

 tophi Gout related hard nodules that may
appear over the joint.

Musculoskeletal System

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Musculoskeletal System

 Describe the anatomy and physiology of the

organs of the body

filled joint cavity.

muscle to bone, or muscle to muscle.

appear over the joint.

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