PHP New

PHP
PHP Introduction
• PHP started out as a small open source project that evolved as
more and more people found out how useful it was. Rasmus
Lerdorf unleashed the first version of PHP way back in 1994.
• PHP is a recursive acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor".
• PHP is a server side scripting language that is embedded in
HTML. It is used to manage dynamic content, databases,
session tracking, even build entire e-commerce sites.
• It is integrated with a number of popular databases, including
MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, and Microsoft
SQL Server.
What Can PHP Do?
• PHP can generate dynamic page content

• PHP can create, open, read, write, delete, and close
files on the server
• PHP can collect form data
• PHP can send and receive cookies
• PHP can add, delete, modify data in your database
• PHP can be used to control user-access
• PHP can encrypt data
Comments
// This is a comment
# This is also a comment
/* This is a comment
that is spread over
multiple lines */
• Do not nest multi-line comments
• // recommended over #
• All PHP code goes between php tag. A syntax of
PHP tag is given below:
<?php
//your code here
?>
<!DOCTYPE>
<html>
<body>
<?php
echo "<h2>Hello First PHP</h2>";
?>
</body>
</html>
• printing string
<?php
echo "Hello by PHP echo";
?>
• printing multi line string

<?php
echo "Hello by PHP echo
this is multi line
text printed by
PHP echo statement
";
?>
• printing escaping characters
<?php
echo "Hello escape \"sequence\" characters";
?>
• printing variable value

<?php
$msg="Hello JavaTpoint PHP";
echo "Message is: $msg";
?>
PHP Print
• PHP print statement can be used to print string,
multi line strings, escaping characters, variable,
array etc.
• Same as echo
PHP Variables
• A variable in PHP is a name of memory location that
holds data. A variable is a temporary storage that is
used to store data temporarily.
• In PHP, a variable is declared using $ sign followed
by variable name.
PHP Variable: Declaring string,
integer and float
<?php
$str="hello string";
$x=200;
$y=44.6;
echo "string is: $str <br/>";
echo "integer is: $x <br/>";
echo "float is: $y <br/>";
?>
PHP Variable: Sum of two
variables
<?php
$x=5;
$y=6;
$z=$x+$y;
echo $z;
?>
PHP Variable: case sensitive

<?php
$color="red";
echo "My car is " . $color . "<br>";
echo "My house is " . $COLOR . "<br>";
echo "My boat is " . $coLOR . "<br>";
?>
In PHP, all keywords (e.g. if, else, while, echo, etc.), classes, functions, and user-
defined functions are NOT case-sensitive.
PHP Constants
• PHP constants are name or identifier that can't be
changed during the execution of the script.
• PHP constants follow the same PHP variable rules.
For example, it can be started with letter or
underscore only.
• Conventionally, PHP constants should be defined in
uppercase letters.
• define(name, value, case-insensitive)
<?php
define("MESSAGE","Hello JavaTpoint PHP",true);
//not case sensitive
echo MESSAGE;
echo message;
?>
<?php
define("MESSAGE","Hello JavaTpoint PHP",false);//case sensitive
echo MESSAGE;
echo message;
?>
PHP Data Types
• Variables can store data of different types, and
different data types can do different things.
• PHP supports the following data types:
• String
• Integer
• Float (floating point numbers - also called double)
• Boolean
• Array
• Object
• NULL
• Resource
Literals..
• All strings must be enclosed in single of double
quotes: ‘Hello’ or “Hello”.
• Numbers are not in enclosed in quotes: 1 or 45 or
34.564
• Booleans (true/flase) can be written directly as
true or false.
• The PHP var_dump() function returns the data type and
value: <?php
$x = 5985;
var_dump($x);
?>
PHP Array
• An array stores multiple values in one single
variable.
• In the following example $cars is an array.
The PHP var_dump() function returns the
data type and value:
• <?php
$cars = array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota");
var_dump($cars);
?>
PHP Object
• An object is a data type which stores data and
information on how to process that data.
• In PHP, an object must be explicitly declared.
• First we must declare a class of object. For this, we
use the class keyword. A class is a structure that can
contain properties and methods:
• <?php
class Car {
function Car() {
$this->model = "VW";
}
}
// create an object
$herbie = new Car();
// show object properties

echo $herbie->model;
?>
PHP Operators
•Operators are used to operate on values. There are
four classifications of operators:
• Arithmetic operators
• Assignment operators
• Comparison operators
• Increment/Decrement operators
• Logical operators
• String operators
• Array operators
PHP Arithmetic Operators
Operator Name Example Result
• PHP arithmetic
operators are used + Addition $x + $y Sum of $x and $y
with numeric values to
perform common - Subtraction $x - $y Difference of $x and $y
arithmetical
* Multiplication $x * $y Product of $x and $y
operations, such as
addition, subtraction, / Division $x / $y Quotient of $x and $y
multiplication etc.
Remainder of $x divided
% Modulus $x % $y by $y
Exponentiatio $x ** $y Result of raising $x to the

** $y'th power (Introduced
n in PHP 5.6)
1. <?php
$x = 10;
$y = 6;
echo $x + $y;
?>
PHP Assignment Operators
The PHP assignment
Assignm
operators are used ent
Same as... Description
with numeric values The left operand gets set to the value
to write a value to a x=y x=y of the expression on the right
variable.
x += y x=x+y Addition
The basic assignment
operator in PHP is x -= y x=x-y Subtraction
"=". It means that the
left operand gets set x *= y x=x*y Multiplication
to the value of the
assignment x /= y x=x/y Division
expression on the
right. x %= y x=x%y Modulus
2. <?php
$x = 10;
echo $x;
?>
Comparison Operators Operator Name Example Result
• Comparison
operators are used
== Equal $x == $y Returns true if $x is equal to $y
in logical statements === Identical $x === $y

Returns true if $x is equal to $y, and they are of
the same type
to determine
equality or != Not equal $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
difference between
variables or values.
<> Not equal $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
Returns true if $x is not equal to $y, or they are

!== Not identical $x !== $y
not of the same type
3. <?php
$x = 100; > Greater than $x > $y Returns true if $x is greater than $y
$y = "100";
var_dump($x == $y); < Less than $x < $y Returns true if $x is less than $y
// returns true because values are equal

?> >= Greater than or equal to $x >= $y Returns true if $x is greater than or equal to $y
<= Less than or equal to $x <= $y Returns true if $x is less than or equal to $y
Logical Operators
• Logical operators are used to determine
the logic between variables or values.
Operato
r Name Example Result
5. <?php and And $x and $y True if both $x and $y

are true
$x = 100;
$y = 50; or Or $x or $y
True if either $x or $y
is true
if ($x == 100 and $y == 50)
{ echo "Hello world!"; } True if either $x or $y
xor Xor $x xor $y
?> is true, but not both
True if both $x and $y

&& And $x && $y
are true
|| Or $x || $y True if either $x or $y
is true
! Not !$x True if $x is not true

PHP Increment / Decrement Operators
• The PHP increment operators are used to 4. <?php

$x = 10;
increment a variable's value. echo ++$x;
?>
• The PHP decrement operators are used to
decrement a variable's value.
Operator Name Description
++$x Pre-increment Increments $x by one, then returns $x
$x++ Post-increment Returns $x, then increments $x by one
--$x Pre-decrement Decrements $x by one, then returns $x
$x-- Post-decrement Returns $x, then decrements $x by one

PHP String Operators
• PHP has two operators that are specially designed
for strings.
Concatenation of
. Concatenation $txt1 . $txt2 $txt1 and $txt2
.= Concatenation $txt1 .= $txt2 Appends $txt2 to
assignment $txt1
6. <?php
$txt1 = "Hello";
$txt2 = " world!";
echo $txt1 . $txt2;
?>
PHP Array Operators
• The PHP array operators are used to compare

arrays.
+ Union $x + $y Union of $x and $y
Returns true if $x and $y have the same

== Equality $x == $y
key/value pairs
Returns true if $x and $y have the same

=== Identity $x === $y key/value pairs in the same order and of the
same types
!= Inequality $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
<> Inequality $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
!== Non-identity $x !== $y Returns true if $x is not identical to $y

7. <?php
$x = array("a" => "red", "b"
=> "green");
$y = array("c" => "blue", "d"
=> "yellow");
print_r($x + $y); // union of
$x and $y
?>
PHP Conditional Statements
• Very often when you write code, you want to
perform different actions for different decisions.
• You can use conditional statements in your code to
do this.
• if...else statement - use this statement if you want to
execute a set of code when a condition is true and
another if the condition is not true
• elseif statement - is used with the if...else statement to
execute a set of code if one of several condition are true
• Q1 & Q3
The Switch Statement
• If you want to select one of many blocks of code to
be executed, use the Switch statement.
• The switch statement is used to avoid long blocks of
if..elseif..else code.
• Q . The “date(“l”)” method returns the weekday as

a name between Sunday and Saturday. (Sunday,
Monday, Tuesday).Use the weekday to calculate
weekday name.
PHP Looping
• Looping statements in PHP are used to execute the same

block of code a specified number of times.
• Very often when you write code, you want the same block
of code to run a number of times. You can use looping
statements in your code to perform this.
• In PHP we have the following looping statements:
• while - loops through a block of code if and as long as a specified
condition is true (Q2)
• do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then repeats
the loop as long as a special condition is true (Q2)
• for - loops through a block of code a specified number of
times( write script for prints the text "Hello World!" five times) (Q4
&Q5)
• foreach - loops through a block of code for each element in an
array
The foreach Statement - Syntax
• The foreach statement is used to loop through

arrays.
• For every loop, the value of the current array
element is assigned to $value (and the array
pointer is moved by one) - so on the next loop,
you'll be looking at the next element.
foreach (array as value)
{
code to be executed;
}
• Q6
Create a PHP Function
• A function is a block of code that can be executed

whenever we need it.
• Creating PHP functions:
• All functions start with the word "function()“
• Name the function - It should be possible to understand
what the function does by its name. The name can start
with a letter or underscore (not a number)
• Add a "{" - The function code starts after the opening
curly brace
• Insert the function code
• Add a "}" - The function is finished by a closing curly
brace
<?php
function writeMyName()
{
echo "Marcus Oliver Graichen";
}
echo "Hello world!<br />";
echo "My name is ";
writeMyName();
echo ".<br />That's right, ";
writeMyName();
echo " is my name.";
?>
PHP Functions - Adding parameters
• Our first function writeMyName() is a very

simple function. It only writes a static string.
• To add more functionality to a function, we can
add parameters. A parameter is just like a
variable.
• You may have noticed the parentheses
(brackets!) after the function name, like:
writeMyName(). The parameters are specified
inside the parentheses.
<?php
function writeMyName($fname)
{
echo $fname . " Smith.<br />";
}
echo "My name is ";
writeMyName("John");
echo "My name is ";
writeMyName("Sarah");
echo "My name is ";
writeMyName("Smith");
?>
PHP Functions - Return values
• Functions can also be used to return values.
<?php
function add($x,$y)
{
$total = $x + $y;
return $total;
}
echo "1 + 16 = " . add(1,16);
?>
• Q10 & Q11
PHP Arrays
• An array can store one or more values in a single variable name.
• When working with PHP, sooner or later, you might want to
create many similar variables.
• Instead of having many similar variables, you can store the data
as elements in an array.
• Each element in the array has its own ID so that it can be easily
accessed.
• There are three different kind of arrays:
• Numeric array - An array with a numeric ID key
• Associative array - An array where each ID key is associated with a
value
• Multidimensional array - An array containing one or more arrays
Numeric Arrays
Loops
• A numeric array stores each element with a
numeric ID key.
• There are different ways to create a
numeric array.
• The ID key is automatically assigned:
$names = array("Peter","Quagmire","Joe");
• Assign the ID key manually:
$names[0] = "Peter";
$names[1] = "Quagmire";
$names[2] = "Joe";
Associative Arrays
• An associative array, each ID key is associated with

a value.
• When storing data about specific named values, a
numerical array is not always the best way to do it.
• With associative arrays we can use the values as
keys and assign values to them.
• We use an array to assign ages to the different
persons:
$ages = array("Peter"=32, "Quagmire"=30, "Joe"=34);
Multidimensional Arrays
• In a multidimensional array, each element in the main
array can also be an array. And each element in the sub-
array can be an array, and so on.
• We create a multidimensional array, with automatically
assigned ID keys:
$families = array
( "Griffin"=> array (
"Peter",
"Lois",
"Megan“ ),
"Quagmire"=> array (
"Glenn” ),
"Brown"=> array(
"Cleveland",
"Loretta",
"Junior")
);
• Is Megan a part of the Griffin family?
• Q7 , Q8 & Q9

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PHP

• PHP can generate dynamic page content

• printing multi line string

• printing variable value

PHP Variable: case sensitive

// show object properties

Exponentiatio $x ** $y Result of raising $x to the

in logical statements === Identical $x === $y

Returns true if $x is not equal to $y, or they are

// returns true because values are equal

5. <?php and And $x and $y True if both $x and $y

True if both $x and $y

! Not !$x True if $x is not true

• The PHP increment operators are used to 4. <?php

++$x Pre-increment Increments $x by one, then returns $x

$x++ Post-increment Returns $x, then increments $x by one

--$x Pre-decrement Decrements $x by one, then returns $x

$x-- Post-decrement Returns $x, then decrements $x by one

• The PHP array operators are used to compare

+ Union $x + $y Union of $x and $y

Returns true if $x and $y have the same

Returns true if $x and $y have the same

!= Inequality $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y

<> Inequality $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y

!== Non-identity $x !== $y Returns true if $x is not identical to $y

• Q . The “date(“l”)” method returns the weekday as

• Looping statements in PHP are used to execute the same

• The foreach statement is used to loop through

• A function is a block of code that can be executed

• Our first function writeMyName() is a very

• An associative array, each ID key is associated with

• Is Megan a part of the Griffin family?

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