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    Free Convection

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    Lohith Narasimha swamy
    This document discusses free convection, which is a self-sustained flow driven by a temperature gradient rather than an external force. A temperature difference creates a density difference due to buoyancy effects, inducing a circulatory flow pattern. Key parameters like the Grashof number, Rayleigh number, and Nusselt number are introduced to characterize free convection. An example calculation is provided to determine the heat loss from a heated pipe due to natural convection.

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    Free Convection

    Uploaded by

    Lohith Narasimha swamy
    46 views4 pages
    This document discusses free convection, which is a self-sustained flow driven by a temperature gradient rather than an external force. A temperature difference creates a density difference due to buoyancy effects, inducing a circulatory flow pattern. Key parameters like the Grashof number, Rayleigh number, and Nusselt number are introduced to characterize free convection. An example calculation is provided to determine the heat loss from a heated pipe due to natural convection.

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    This document discusses free convection, which is a self-sustained flow driven by a temperature gradient rather than an external force. A temperature difference creates a density difference due to buoyancy effects, inducing a circulatory flow pattern. Key parameters like the Grashof number, Rayleigh number, and Nusselt number are introduced to characterize free convection. An example calculation is provided to determine the heat loss from a heated pipe due to natural convection.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    46 views4 pages

    Free Convection

    Uploaded by

    Lohith Narasimha swamy
    This document discusses free convection, which is a self-sustained flow driven by a temperature gradient rather than an external force. A temperature difference creates a density difference due to buoyancy effects, inducing a circulatory flow pattern. Key parameters like the Grashof number, Rayleigh number, and Nusselt number are introduced to characterize free convection. An example calculation is provided to determine the heat loss from a heated pipe due to natural convection.

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    Free Convection

    A free convection flow field is a self-sustained flow driven by the


    presence of a temperature gradient. (As opposed to a forced
    convection flow where external means are used to provide the
    flow.) As a result of the temperature difference, the density field
    is not uniform also. Buoyancy will induce a flow current due to
    the gravitational field and the variation in the density field. In
    general, a free convection heat transfer is usually much smaller
    compared to a forced convection heat transfer. It is therefore
    important only when there is no external flow exists.
    cold
    Flow is unstable and a circulatory
    pattern will be induced.
    T   

    hot
    Basic Definitions
    Buoyancy effect:

    Surrounding fluid, cold, 

    Warm,  Net force=(- gV


    Hot plate

    The density difference is due to the temperature difference and it can be


    characterized by ther volumetric thermal expansion coefficient, :
    1  1    1 
       ( )P   
     T  T  T  T
      T
    Grashof Number and Rayleigh Number
    Define Grashof number, Gr, as the ratio between the buoyancy force and the
    viscous force: 3 3
    g TL g  (TS  T ) L
    Gr  2

     2
    • Grashof number replaces the Reynolds number in the convection correlation
    equation. In free convection, buoyancy driven flow sometimes dominates the
    flow inertia, therefore, the Nusselt number is a function of the Grashof number
    and the Prandtle number alone. Nu=f(Gr, Pr). Reynolds number will be
    important if there is an external flow. (see chapter 11.5, combined forced and
    free convection.

    • In many instances, it is better to combine the Grashof number and the


    Prandtle number to define a new parameter, the Rayleigh number, Ra=GrPr.
    The most important use of the Rayleigh number is to characterize the laminar
    to turbulence transition of a free convection boundary layer flow. For
    example, when Ra>109, the vertical free convection boundary layer flow over
    a flat plate becomes turbulent.
    Example
    Determine the rate of heat loss from a heated pipe as a result of natural (free)
    convection.
    T=0°C D=0.1 m

    Ts=100C
    Film temperature( Tf): averaged boundary layer temperature Tf=1/2(Ts+T )=50 C.
    kf=0.03 W/m.K, Pr=0.7, =210-5 m2/s, =1/Tf=1/(273+50)=0.0031(1/K)
    g  (TS  T ) L3 (9.8)(0.0031)(100  0)(0.1) 3 6
    Ra  2
    Pr  5 2
    (0.7)  7.6  10 .
     (2  10 )
    0.387 Ra1/ 6 2
    NuD  {0.6  9 /16 8 / 27
    }  26.0 (equation 11.15 in Table 11.1)
    [1  (0.559 / Pr) ]
    kf 0.03
    h NuD  (26)  7.8(W / m 2 K )
    D 0.1
    q  hA(TS  T )  (7.8)( )( 0.1)(1)(100  0)  244.9(W )
    Can be significant if the pipe are long.

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