Lecture 2

Computer Organization
and Assembly Language

Course code: CS-318
Lecture 2
Designed by: Ms. Rameen Sohail
Contents
Components of computer system

 Processor
 Memory
 Input Device
 Output Device
Components of a computer system
 A computer device is made up of various elements which help in its
effective functioning and processing. There are 3 basic components of
the computer which help in making this processing of data easier and
convenient.
 Processor
 Memory
 Input/output devices
Processor
 A processor is an integrated electronic circuit that performs the calculations

that run a computer. A processor performs arithmetical, logical, input/output
(I/O) and other basic instructions that are passed from an operating system
(OS).
 Microprocessors are made up of millions of transistors, resistors, capacitors,
and diodes.
 Main components of a processor
 Memory unit
 Control unit (CU)
 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
Processor (CONT’D)
1. Memory unit
 When we enter the data into the computer using an input device, the entered
information immediately gets saved in the memory unit of the Central
Processing Unit (CPU). Because of the presence of some existing programming,
the Memory Unit transmits the data further to the other parts of the CPU.
 Similarly, when the output of our command is processed by the computer, it is

saved in the memory unit before giving the output to the user.
 Unit of memory is "Byte".
 1 Byte = 8 Bits
2. Control Unit (CU)

 This is the core unit which manages the entire functioning of the
computer device. It is one of the most essential components of the
computer system.
 The instructions taken, interpretation of entered data, issuing signals
to execute the data and then finally retrieving the data is all done in
the Control Unit.
3. Arithmetic & Logical Unit (ALU)

ALU performs the following operations
 logical operations, including AND, OR, NOT, etc.
 bit-shifting operations, which means moving or ‘shifting’ the positions of bits
let or right (which is how multiplication is performed)
 arithmetic operations to add and to subtract (because addition can be used to
multiply and subtraction can be used instead of division).
Memory
 In a computer, memory refers to the physical devices that are used to store
programs or data on a temporary or permanent basis. It is a group of
registers.
 Memory are of two types
(i) Primary memory
Made of semi-conductors (RAM, ROM)
(ii) Secondary memory
These are magnetic, optical and electronic memories. They are used for
permanent storage of programs and data (Hard disk, Compact disc, Flash drive,
etc.)
Primary memory
 Central storage unit of a computer
 The main memory is sometimes called other names, such as internal memory, primary
memory or immediate access store (IAS).
 The primary technology used for the main memory is based on semiconductor
integrated circuits.
 Further classified into
1. RAM
Random Access Memory is attached to the motherboard; it is where software currently
in use and documents that you are currently working on are stored whilst you are
using them.
Any storage location in this memory can be directly accessed by the Central Processing
Unit
Volatile (Temporary storage)
Loses data if the power is shut down
Types include Dynamic RAM (DRAM) and Static RAM (SRAM)
Primary memory (CONT’D)
2. ROM
Read-only memory (ROM) stores instructions for your computer to start up
when you switch on. The contents of ROM can’t be changed.
Non-volatile, Retains data even when power goes off
Secondary Memory
 Another form of memory that has a larger storage capacity and from which
data and programs are not lost when the computer is turned off.
 Also called auxiliary memory
 Less costly than primary memory
 Secondary memory is used for different purposes but the main purposes of
using secondary memory are:
 Permanent storage: As we know that primary memory stores data only when the
power supply is on, it loses data when the power is off. So we need a secondary
memory to stores data permanently even if the power supply is off.
 Large Storage: Secondary memory provides large storage space so that we can
store large data like videos, images, audios, files, etc. permanently.
 Portable: Some secondary devices are removable. So, we can easily store or
transfer data from one computer or device to another.
Types of secondary Memory
 Fixed Storage (an internal media device that is used to store data in a
computer system)
Following are the types of fixed storage:
i. Internal flash memory (rare)
ii. SSD (solid-state disk)
iii. Hard disk drives (HDD)
 Removable Storage (an external media device that is used to store data in a
computer system)
Types of Removable Storage:
i. Optical discs (like CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray discs, etc.)
ii. Memory cards
iii. Floppy disks
iv. Magnetic tapes
v. Disk packs
vi. Paper storage (like punched tapes, punched cards, etc.)
Input Device
 A computer will only respond when a command is given to the device. These
commands can be given using the input unit or the input devices.
 The data entered can be in the form of numbers, alphabet, images, etc.
 We enter the information using an input device, the processing units convert
it into computer understandable languages and then the final output is
received by a human-understandable language.
Output Device
 When we command a computer to perform a task, it reverts for the action

performed and gives us a result. This result is called output.
 There are various output devices connected to the computer. The most basic
of which is a monitor.
 The output unit gives us the final result once the entire processing is done
within the mechanism of a device.
I/O of ATM machine

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Lecture 2

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Computer Organization

and Assembly Language

Components of computer system

 A processor is an integrated electronic circuit that performs the calculations

 Similarly, when the output of our command is processed by the computer, it is

2. Control Unit (CU)

3. Arithmetic & Logical Unit (ALU)

 When we command a computer to perform a task, it reverts for the action

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