Research Design

Research
Design
Discussants
Violeta G. Cordova Rachelle R. Pamintuan Daizylie G. Fuerte
Reynaldo Guzman Raquel P. Dizon Gleimell David

Functions
of
Research
Violeta G. Cordova Design
Research Design
Is the framework of research methods
and techniques chosen by a researcher.
The design allows researchers to hone in
on research methods that are suitable
for the subject matter and set up their
studies up for success.
The design of a research topic explains the
type of research (experimental, survey,
correlational, semi-experimental, review) and
also its sub-type (experimental design,
research problem, descriptive case-study).
Three types of Research Design
Data Collection Measurement Analysis

It is the process of gathering and The process of recording Data analysis is the science of examining
measuring information on observations collected as part of a set of data to draw conclusions about
targeted variables in an the information to be able to make
established system, which then research. It is used to qualify or
decisions or simply to expand the
enables one to answer relevant quantify data variables in
knowledge on various subjects.
questions and evaluate statistics.
outcomes.
Characteristics of Research Design
1 2 3 4
Neutrality Reliability Validity Generalization
The results Research reliability
There are multiple A generalized design
projected in is the degree to measuring tools implies that your
the research which research available. However, the survey can be
design should method produces only correct measuring conducted on any
be free from stable and tools are those which part of a population
bias and consistent results. help a researcher in with similar accuracy.
neutral.
gauging results
according to the
objective of the
research.
It provides researcher with a blue
Functions of Research pint for studying research
problem.
Design
It specifies the methods and
procedures for the collection,
measurement and analysis of data.
It provides the boundaries of

research activity and enables the
investigator to channel his energies
in specific directions.
It enables the investigator to
anticipate potential problems in the
Functions of Research
implementation of the study.
Design
It helps to provide some estimate of the
cost of the research, possible measurement
problems and the optimal allocation of
resources.
It helps in research proposals to

demonstrate diagrammatically, how the
variable of the proposed research will
be observed, controlled or manipulated
to generate necessary primary data for
a study.
Selecting
Research
Design
Rachelle R. Pamintuan
Consider Nature of research
the
following
in Statistical Significance
selecting
research
design Research Goal
Consider Data
the
following
in Sample Size
selecting
research
design Timing
Research
Design:
Number
Of
Daizylie G. Fuerte Contacts
Study Designs No. of Contacts
Cross-Sectional Once
Before-and-After Twice
Longitudinal Thrice or more

Cross-Sectional
One-shot or status study
Cross-Sectional
Finding out the prevalence of a phenomenon, situation,
problem, attitude or issue by taking a cross-section of
the population.
Cross-Sectional
"designed to study some phenomenon by taking a
cross-section of it at one time"
(Babbie, 1989)
Cross-Sectional
• Decide what you want to find out about
• Identify the study population
• Select a sample (if you need to)
• Contact your respondents and gather the
required information
Before-and After
Pre-test and Post-Test

Before-and-After
It measures the impact or effectiveness of a programme
Before-and-After
It points to the same population to find out the change in the
phenomenon or variable(s) between two points in time.
Before-and-After
The change is measured by comparing the difference in the
phenomenon or variable(s) before and after the intervention.
Longitudinal
Determines the pattern of
change in relation to time
Longitudinal
The population is visited a number of times
at regular intervals over a long period.
Longitudinal
Although data collected is from the same
study population, it may or may not be from the same
respondents.
Research
Design:
Reference
Period
Reynaldo Guzman
The reference period refers to
the time-frame in which a study is
exploring a phenomenon, situation,
event or problem. Studies are
categorised from this perspective as:
retrospective; prospective;
retrospective–prospective
Nature
Of
Investigation
Raquel P. Dizon
Some
Commonly
Used
Designs in
Gleimell Dizon Research
1. Descriptive research design
• This is a theory-based design, where the researcher is primarily interested in

describing the topic that is the subject of the research. It is applied to case
studies, naturalistic observations, surveys, and so on.
2. Correlational research design
• Just as its name suggests, correlational design allows the researcher to

establish some kind of a relation between two closely related topics or
variables. It’s a non-experimental research design type that requires at least
two groups of data.
3. Experimental research design
• Whether it is a field experiment, a controlled experiment, or a quasi-

experiment, this is one of the research design types that establishes a
relation between the cause and effect of a particular happening.
4. Diagnostic research design
• It is one of the research design types that aims to examine the underlying
cause of a certain situation or phenomenon. It can help you find out more
about the factors that lead to specific issues or challenges your customers
might be facing.
5. Explanatory research design
• Again, the name is self-explanatory. Explanatory research design is used to

further expand, explore, and explain the researcher’s ideas and theories.
This type of research design is used to elaborate on the unexplored aspects
of a particular topic and try to explain the missing pieces.
Quantitative
vs.
Qualitative Research Design
• aims to give answers to questions like who, what, when, where, and how many?
• Due to the fact that they use close-ended questions, the results of quantitative
surveys can easily be transformed into numbers, stats, graphs, and charts.
Quantitative research
design
• aims to give answers to why and how something is happening.

• It’s a great way to collect more complex information and explore people’s
thoughts and behavior.
Qualitative
research design
Fixed vs. Flexible Research
Design
• the design of the research is pre-determined and known even before you start
collecting data.
Fixed research
design
• allow for more freedom when collecting data – for example, you don’t offer
predetermined answer options, so the respondents have to type in their own
answers.
Flexible research
design
Research design types by grouping
Cohort study - a type of panel study where the
individuals in the panel share a common characteristic.
Cross-sectional study - analyzes data either

from a population, or from a representative
sample, at a specified point in time.
Longitudinal study- involves repeated

observations of the same variables over short or
long periods of time.
Cross-sequential study - research design combines

longitudinal and cross-sectional research design, aiming
to compensate for some of the issues inherently present
in the two aforementioned designs.

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Research

Violeta G. Cordova Rachelle R. Pamintuan Daizylie G. Fuerte

Reynaldo Guzman Raquel P. Dizon Gleimell David

Data Collection Measurement Analysis

It provides the boundaries of

It helps in research proposals to

Longitudinal Thrice or more

Pre-test and Post-Test

• This is a theory-based design, where the researcher is primarily interested in

2. Correlational research design

• Just as its name suggests, correlational design allows the researcher to

• Whether it is a field experiment, a controlled experiment, or a quasi-

4. Diagnostic research design

• Again, the name is self-explanatory. Explanatory research design is used to

• aims to give answers to why and how something is happening.

Cross-sectional study - analyzes data either

Longitudinal study- involves repeated

Cross-sequential study - research design combines

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