Assalam u Alaikum & Good Morning

(May All Of You Gain A Better Understanding)

“ Always Try To Do The Best In Your Life”
University of Engineering & Technology
CE-205Peshawar,
SURVEYINGPakistan–
I

CE-226: Surveying – I
DR. KHAN SHAHZADA
Lecture # 01
Associate Professor
By:
DepartmenEngr
t of Nasim
Civil EAyub
ngineering UET
LecturerPCED
eshaw ar , Peshawar
UET
 Topics to be Covered

1. Introduction to land surveying

2. Definitions of basic surveying terms branches and their application,

3. Instruments used
 Introduction to land surveying
1. Introduction to land surveying
Surveying is the art/science/technique
for determining the relative positions of
different features on, above or beneath
the surface of the earth by means of
direct or indirect measurements and
finally representing them on a sheet of
paper called Plan or Map.
 Uses of Surveying

1. To prepare a
topographical map which
shows hills, valleys, rivers,
forests, villages, towns etc.
 Uses of Surveying

2. To prepare a cadastral
map which shows the
boundaries of fields, plots,
houses and other
properties.
 Uses of Surveying
3. To prepare an engineering map which shows the position of
engineering works such as buildings, roads, railways, dams, canals.
4. To prepare a contour map to know the topography of the area to find out the
best possible site for roads, railways, bridges, reservoirs, canals, etc.
 Uses of Surveying

5. Surveying is also used to prepare military map, geological map,

archaeological map etc.

6. For setting out work and transferring details from the map on the ground.
 Fundamental Principles of Surveying

The two basic fundamental principles of surveying are;

1. Always work from whole to part

According to the first principle, the whole survey area is first enclosed by main
stations (i.e.. Control stations) and main survey lines. The area is then divided
into a number of divisions by forming well conditioned triangles.
 Fundamental Principles of Surveying

2. To Work from part to the whole

To locate a new station by at least two measurements ( Linear or angular) from
fixed reference points
Primary Classification of Surveying
 Primary Classification of Surveying

We know that the shape of the earth is

spheroidal . Thus the surface is obviously
curved. Surveying is primarily divided into
two types considering the curvature of the
earth’s surface.
1. Plane Surveying
2. Geodetic Surveying
 Primary Classification of Surveying

1. Plane Surveying
The plane surveying is that type of surveying in which earth surface is
considered as a plane and the curvature of the earth is ignored. In such
surveying a line joining any two stations is considered to be straight.
The triangle formed by any three points is considered as a plane
triangle, and the angles of the triangle are considered as plain angles.
Plane Surveying is carried out for a small area of less than 250 km2. The
degree of accuracy required in this type of surveying is comparatively
low.
 Primary Classification of Surveying

2. Geodetic Surveying
The geodetic Surveying is that type of surveying in which the curvature
of the earth is taken into account. It is generally extended over larger
areas.
The line joining any two stations is considered as curved line. The
triangle formed by any three points is considered to be spherical and
the angles of the triangle are considered to be spherical angles.
Geodetic surveying is conducted for a larger area exceeding 250 km2
 Difference between Plane & Geodetic Surveying

S. No. Plane Surveying Geodetic Surveying

1 The earth surface is considered as The earth surface is considered as
plain Surface Curved Surface
2 The Curvature of the earth is The curvature of the earth is taken
ignored into account
3 Line joining any two stations is The line joining any two stations is
considered to be straight considered as spherical
4 The triangle formed by any three The Triangle formed by any three
points is considered as plane points is considered as spherical
5 The angles of triangle are The angles of the triangle are
considered as plane angles considered as spherical angles
6 Carried out for a small area < 250 Carried out for a larger area > 250
km2 km2
 Secondary Classification of Surveying

Classification Based on Methods

a. Triangulation
Triangulation is basic method of surveying, when the area to be surveyed is large,
triangulation is adopted. The entire area is divided into network of triangles.
b. Traversing
A Traversing is a circuit of survey lines. It may be open or closed. When the linear
measurements are done with a chain and a tape and the directions or horizontal
angles are measured with a compass or a theodolite respectively the survey is
called traversing.
 Secondary Classification of Surveying

Classification Based on Methods

Fig: Triangulation
Fig: Traversing
 Secondary Classification of Surveying

Classification of Surveying Based on Purpose

1) Geological Surveys for determining different strata in the earth’s crust.

2) Archaeological Surveys for unearthing relics of antiquity.

3) Mine Surveys for exploring mineral wealth such as gold, coal, etc.

4) Military Surveys for determining points of strategic importance both offensive and
defensive.
Geological Map Archaeological Map
 Secondary Classification of Surveying

Classification Based on Nature of Field

a. Land Survey
b. Hydrological Surveying
c. Astronomical Survey
d. Aerial survey
 Secondary Classification of Surveying

1) Land Surveying: Land Survey is done on land to prepare plan and maps of a given area. It is further subdivided
into following types:

a) Topographical Surveys: This consists of horizontal and vertical location of certain points by linear and angular
measurements and is made to determine the natural features of a country such as rivers, streams, lakes, woods,
hills, etc., and such artificial features as roads, railways, canals, towns and villages .

b) Cadastral Surveys: Cadastral surveys are made incident to the fixing of property lines, the calculation of land
area, or the transfer of land property from one owner to another. They are also made to fix the boundaries of
municipalities and of State and Federal jurisdictions.

c) City Surveying: They are made in connection with the construction of streets, water supply systems, sewers
and other works.
 Secondary Classification of Surveying

d) Engineering Survey: This is undertaken for the determination of quantities or to afford sufficient data
for the designing of engineering works such as roads and reservoirs, or those connected with sewage
disposal or water supply. Engineering survey is further subdivided into:

i. Reconnaissance Surveys (Reconnoitre) primary investigation for determining the feasibility and rough cost
of the schemes.

ii. Preliminary (data collection) Surveys for collecting more precise data to choose the best location for the
work and to estimate the exact quantities and costs.

iii. Location Surveys for setting out the work on the ground.
Topographical Maps
Cadastral Map
Engineering Map
 Secondary Classification of Surveying

2) Marine or Hydrographic Survey:

• Marine or hydrographic survey deals with bodies of water for purpose of navigation, water supply, harbor
works or for the determination of mean sea level.
• The work consists in measurement of discharge of streams, making topographic survey of shores and
banks, taking and locating soundings to determine the depth of water and observing the fluctuations of the
ocean tide.
3) Astronomical Survey:
• The astronomical survey offers the surveyor means of determining the absolute location of any point or the
absolute location and direction of any line on the surface of the earth.
• This consists in observations to the heavenly bodies such as the sun or any fixed star.
 Secondary Classification of Surveying
Classification of Surveying Based on Instruments

a. Chain Survey
b. Compass Survey
c. Chain and Compass Survey
d. Plane Table Survey
e. Theodolite Survey
f. Tachometry Survey
g. Levelling Survey
h. Photogrammetric Survey
i. EDM (Electronic Distance Measurement) Survey
 Classification of Surveying Based on Instruments

Chain Survey
Chain Surveying is the simplest type of surveying in which only linear measurement are made
with a chain or a tape. Angular measurement are not taken
 Classification of Surveying Based on Instruments

Compass Survey
 Classification of Surveying Based on Instruments
Plane Table Surveying
Plane Table Surveying is a graphical method of surveying in which field works and plotting
both are done simultaneously
 Classification of Surveying Based on Instruments

Theodolite Survey
Theodolite Surveying in which the horizontal angles are measured with a theodolite more precisely than
compass and the linear measurements are made with a chain or a tape.
 Classification of Surveying Based on Instruments
Tachometry Survey; is a method of angular surveying in which the horizontal
distance from the instrument to the staff stations are determined from
instrumental observations only.
 Classification of Surveying Based on Instruments

Levelling Survey
Levelling is a type of survey is used to determine the vertical distances and relative
Heights of points with the help of an instrument known as level
 Classification of Surveying Based on Instruments
Photogrammetric or Aerial
Survey
is the sciences of taking measurement with the help of the photographs taken by aerial camera from the air craft.
 Classification of Surveying Based on Instruments

Electronic Distance Measurement Survey

EDM Surveying in which all measurements are made with the help of electronic distance
measurement (EDM) instrument.