Earth Summit 1

EARTH SUMMIT Renu Duwesh
Dhanashree Vanjare
Sanadi Munzarin
INTRODUCTION
 The Earth Summits are decennial meetings of world leaders, organised

since 1972 with the help of the United Nations.
 The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

(UNCED), also known as the Earth Summit was a major United Nations
conference held in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil from June 3 to June 14,
1992.
 Rio Earth Summit was meeting of representatives including 108 heads

of state, 2400 representatives from non-governmental organisations
(NGOs) and various eminent scholars and researchers.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of the Rio Earth Summit was
1) To produce a broad agenda and new blueprint for International Action

on environmental and development issues.
2) To provide guidelines for the International Cooperation and
development policy in the 21st Century.
ISSUES DISCUSSED
1) To examine the production of toxic components, such as gasoline or

poisonous waste including radioactive chemicals.
2) Alternative sources of energy to replace the use of fossil fuels which
are linked to global climate change.
3) The problem of growing scarcity of water.
4) Alternative transportation system to reduce vehicle emissions and
the health problems caused by polluted air and smoke.
OUTCOMES
The important achievements of the summit were three agreements

and two legally binding conventions.
Outcomes
Agreements Conventions
Rio Forest Biological

Agenda 21 UNFCCC
Declaration Principle Diversity
AGREEMENTS
1) Agenda 21: It is a non-binding action plan of the United Nations with

regard to sustainable development. Its aim was to achieve global
sustainable development by 2000, with the "21" in Agenda 21 referring to
the target of the 21st century.
2) Rio Declaration on Environment and Development : A short
document of 27 principles intended to guide countries in future
sustainable development signed by 175 countries.
3) Forest Principle : A set of principles were formed for the
management, conservation and sustainable development of forest.
CONVENTIONS
1) The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) : It was

signed in 1992 but came into force on 21st March, 1994 with the objective
to prevent the global climate change which resulted into :
a) The Kyoto Protocol : It was signed in 1997 and came into force in
2005 with the aim to reduce green house gases (GHGs) and CO2 emission.
b) The Paris Agreement : It was signed in 2015 and came into force
on 4th Nov, 2016 with the aim to reduce GHGs to limit global
temperature increase in this century well below 2 degree Celsius while
pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5 degree Celsius.
CONVENTIONS
2) Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD): It is multilateral treaty with

three main goals to conserve and make sustainable use of biological
diversity which are as under:
a) Conservation of Biodiversity
b) The Sustainable use of its components.
c) Fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic
resources.
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
1) Article 21: It has received expanded meaning from time to time with
respect to environment. In MC Mehta v/s Union of India (Oleum gas leak
case), the Supreme Court observed that the right to live in pollution free
environment is a fundamental right to life under article 21 of the constitution.
2) Article 48A: It says that the State shall endeavor to protect and improve
the environment and to safeguard the forest and the wildlife of the country.
3) Article 51A: It is the duty of every citizen to protect and improve the
natural environment including the forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have
compassion for living creatures.
RELEVANT LAWS IN INDIA
1) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974

2) The Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980
3) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981
4) The Environment (Protection) Act of 1986
5) The National Green Tribunal Act of 2010
INITIATIVES BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
1) PROJECT TIGER (1973) : It was launched to save tigers with the objective of doubling
the tiger population(TX2) in India.
2) NATIONAL WATER MISSION (2011) : It was launched to mitigate the scarcity of water,
reducing ground water tables, prolonged droughts etc. with the theme valuing water.
3) NATIONAL MISSION FOR CLEAN GANGA(2016) : To prevent pollution and rejuvenation
of river Ganga Basin.
4) ETHANOL BLENDING PROGAMME (2018) : It was launched with aim to blend 20%
ethanol in petrol in order to reduce the pollution in environment. Ethanol can be
produced from crops like maize, sugar etc.
5) JAL JEEVAN MISSION (2019) : To provide safe and adequate drinking water through
individual household tap connections by 2024 to all households in rural India.
6) GREEN-AG PROJECT(2020) : It was launched in Mizorom to reduce emission from
agriculture and ensure sustainable agriculture practice with mixed land use system.
INITIATIVES AT GLOBAL LEVEL
1) PROJECT TIGER (1973) : It was launched to save tigers with the objective of doubling
the tiger population(TX2) in India.
2) NATIONAL WATER MISSION (2011) : It was launched to mitigate the scarcity of water,
reducing ground water tables, prolonged droughts etc. with the theme valuing water.
3) NATIONAL MISSION FOR CLEAN GANGA(2016) : To prevent pollution and rejuvenation
of river Ganga Basin.
4) ETHANOL BLENDING PROGAMME (2018) : It was launched with aim to blend 20%
ethanol in petrol in order to reduce the pollution in environment. Ethanol can be
produced from crops like maize, sugar etc.
5) JAL JEEVAN MISSION (2019) : To provide safe and adequate drinking water through
individual household tap connections by 2024 to all households in rural India.
6) GREEN-AG PROJECT(2020) : It was launched in Mizorom to reduce emission from
agriculture and ensure sustainable agriculture practice with mixed land use system.

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EARTH SUMMIT Renu Duwesh

 The Earth Summits are decennial meetings of world leaders, organised

 The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

 Rio Earth Summit was meeting of representatives including 108 heads

The objective of the Rio Earth Summit was

1) To produce a broad agenda and new blueprint for International Action

1) To examine the production of toxic components, such as gasoline or

The important achievements of the summit were three agreements

Rio Forest Biological

1) Agenda 21: It is a non-binding action plan of the United Nations with

1) The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) : It was

2) Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD): It is multilateral treaty with

1) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974

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