QUARTER III

Volcano

MELC 1
Describe the different types of volcanoes
and volcanic eruptions (S9ES-IIIa-25)
Where Does the Word ‘Volcano’ Come From?
The word 'volcano' The island
comes from the island actually gets
‘Vulcano’, which is a
volcanic island in Italy. its name from
the Roman
god of fire –
Vulcan.
Vulcano, Italy.
 The Roman God of Fire
Roman mythology says that Vulcan lived in a volcano. As well
as being the god of fire, he made many weapons and forged
them using metal and fire. He was a very skilled blacksmith.

Romans believed that if Vulcan Forged: to have

was made angry, the volcano made or shaped a
would erupt. So they tried their metal object
best to please him and not anger using a fire or
him. furnace.
 What Is Our Earth Made Of?
The Crust The Inner
This is the outer layer of the Core
earth. It varies in thickness from 0 This is a solid
– 60km thick. It is not even and is layer and is
made up of pieces which overlap made of iron
to cover the entire planet. These and nickel. It
pieces are called ‘tectonic plates’. is the hottest
part of the
earth and can
The Outer Core The Mantle reach
The outer core is a liquid layer The mantle is approximately 2897km temperatures of
made out of molten iron and thick and is made of a solid, rocky up to 5500ºC!
nickel. This liquid metal creates substance called molten rock or magma.
the earth's magnetic field. This is what escapes when a volcano
erupts.
 Where Are Most Volcanoes Located?

The ‘Ring of Fire’ is It contains a string

of 452 volcanoes,
an area of the Pacific
which stretches
Ocean that is shaped from the southern
like a horseshoe. It is tip of South
home to 90% of the America, up along
world's earthquakes the coast of North
and 75% of the America, down
world's volcanoes. through Japan, and
into New Zealand.
 How Are Volcanoes Formed?
Deep in the earth, it is extremely hot. It is so hot, in fact, that
rocks actually melt and form magma, which makes up the mantle
of the earth.
The upper mantle mixes and moves,
which creates pressure underneath the Over time, as this
crust. This pressure can sometimes magma leaks out, the
cause the mantle volcano will get
to leak out onto the bigger
surface of the earth
– this is a
and bigger.
volcano!
What is the difference between What is a ‘pyroclastic flow’?
magma and lava? This is the most deadly of all
Magma is liquid rock inside a volcano activities.
volcano. It is a liquidised mixture of solid
Lava is the name for liquid and part-solid fragments and hot,
expanding gases.
rock that has flowed out of a
They look like a snow avalanche
volcano. Lava takes a long but are extremely hot and contain
time to cool down as it is not poisonous gases.
a good heat conductor. As a
lava flow cools down, it gets
slower and thicker.
What Are the Different Parts of a Volcano?
A cloud of ash. It is formed
by volcanic explosions
vent ash cloud
The mouth of a volcano. It
An opening in the surface crater
surrounds the vent.
of the Earth through which
volcanic materials, such as
magma, can escape.
throat

conduit The entrance of a volcano.

It ejects lava and volcanic
An underground passage ash.
which magma travels
through.
A large underground pool
magma reservoir of liquid rock found
beneath the surface of the
Earth.
Types of Volcano According to
Shape
• Cinder Volcano
• Composite Volcano
• Shield Volcano
 Shield cone volcano

•Shield cone
volcano- has a
wide base with
gently sloping
sides. It is made
up purely of
solidified lava
 What Types of Volcano Are There?
Shield Volcanoes like this one in Hawaii are common in this part of the world.

Shield Volcanoes
Shield volcanoes are bowl or shield-shaped in the middle. When they
erupt, the lava is quite runny and it travels long distances down the
side of the volcano before it cools down. This lava forms long, gentle
slopes that look like a warrior's shield, which is how they got their
name. These volcanoes do not often explode.
Shield cone volcano
 Cinder cone volcano
• Cinder cone volcano-
made up of loose
fragments called cinders
(pyro clasts and tephra) -
it is formed from
explosive eruption. -it
has a narrow base and a
steep slope
 What Types of Volcano Are There?
Sunset Crater in Arizona, USA is a cinder cone.

Cinder Cones
Cinder cones are circular or oval cones. They are made up of small
fragments of lava, which are blown into the air through a single vent.
When they cool down, they form rock around the vent. They grow
quickly, but are not usually very big. They are not usually dangerous
either.
 Cinder cone volcano
• Taal Volcano is
a complex
volcano located on the
island of Luzon in
the Philippines. It is the
second most active
volcano in the Philippines
with 33 historical
eruptions
 Composite Volcano
• Composite Volcano or
Stratovolcano composed
of alternating layers of
lava and cinders. It is
formed when volcanic
eruptions vary between
quiet and violent and
explosive
 What Types of Volcano Are There?
Mount St. Helens in Washington, USA is a composite volcano.

Composite Volcanoes
These volcanoes are steep-sided volcanoes and are made up of
lots of layers of volcanic rocks. They usually erupt in an
explosive way because the magma in these volcanoes is quite
sticky. It clogs up the passage that it has to pass through.
Pressure is built inside the volcanic chamber and this results in
the volcano erupting violently.
Composite Volcano

Pinatubo Volcano
Types of Volcano According to
Record of Eruption or activity

• Active Volcano
• Inactive Volcano
 Why Do Volcanoes Erupt?
We know that the earth's crust is made up of huge slabs called tectonic
plates. These fit together like a jigsaw puzzle and they sometimes move.

The movement causes friction which causes

earthquakes and volcanic eruptions near the
edges of the plates. The theory that explains
this process is called ‘plate tectonics’ – this
means the plates are moving in different
directions and at different speeds. Sometimes
Friction: the resistance
created when one surface rubs they collide or brush past each other and cause
against another. these earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
Active Volcano
An active volcano is one that has erupted recently, and there is
the possibility that it may erupt again.

Inactive
A dormant volcano is one that has not erupted for a long time,
however, it may still erupt in the future.

Extinct
An extinct volcano is one which has erupted
thousands of years ago, but it will
probably never erupt again.
 What Is the Largest Active Volcano?
Mauna Loa

The largest, active volcano in the world is Mauna Loa in Hawaii. It is

13,677 feet above sea level. From its base below sea level to its
summit, Mauna Loa is taller than Mount Everest.
 On 18th May 1980, it
Mount St Helens is an
active volcano located in
Mount St Helens erupted and killed 57
people and destroyed
Washington, USA in the lots of roads and
Cascade Mountain homes.
Range.
An earthquake
This was the first triggered a
time pyroclastic landslide, which
flows (the clouds of caused a sideways
hot gas, ash and blast, sending
rock) were studied Mount St Helens is still active, clouds of ash, gas
using new scientific and is monitored closely by and rock speeding
techniques. geologists to predict if it will away from the
erupt again. volcano.
 Mount Vesuvius has a
very famous history. Its Mount Vesuvius, Naples, Italy
base is 30 miles wide and
it is estimated to be In 79AD, Vesuvius erupted for a
around 17,000 years old. whole day. Thousands of people
were killed, and the city of
Pompeii was buried.
In 1995, Vesuvius was
made a National Park.
Visitors can climb the
mountain.

Vesuvius has erupted over 50 times Over the years, archaeologists have
in the last 200 years. The last time found bodies preserved by the ash from
was in 1944 during the Second the volcano along with other items,
World War. such as heating stoves and cooking
utensils.
 Mount Fuji, Japan
Mount Fuji is the highest
mountain in Japan. It is Over 100,000 people climb
3776m high. It is on the Mount Fuji every year. It is
island of Honshu, about the most climbed mountain
100km from Tokyo. in the world.

A forest named Mount Fuji last erupted

Aokigahara lies at the in 1708. It has become a
foot of the mountain and symbol of the country
is said to be haunted by and is featured in lots of
The volcano is actually three
ghosts and goblins. paintings.
separate volcanoes piled one on
top of the other with Fuji at the
top.
 Types of Volcano
According to Eruption