How To Measure The Temperature of Both Air and Sea

HOW TO MEASURE THE
TEMPERATURE OF BOTH AIR

AND SEA
By: Toledo Gilbert
What instrument is used to know the air temperature?
Thermometer
Air temperature is measured with
thermometers. Common thermometers
consist of a glass rod with a very thin tube
in it. The tube contains a liquid that is
supplied from a reservoir, or "bulb," at the
base of the thermometer.
THERMOMETER
A thermometer is an instrument that measures
temperature. It can measure the temperature of a solid
such as food, a liquid such as water, or a gas such as
air. The three most common units of measurement for
temperature are Celsius, Fahrenheit, and kelvin. The
Celsius scale is part of the metric system.
Mercury is one of the most familiar materials

used in liquid thermometers. Other liquids,
such as kerosene or ethanol, may also be used
in these types of thermometers.
WHY MERCURY?
Mercury is one of the
liquids very sensitive to
changes of temperature.
When the substance to be
measured is warm, mercury
expands and rises in the
capillary tube. When it
cools, mercury contracts.
Maximum-Minimum Thermometer
 In order to measure the temperature range, a set of
maximum and minimum thermometers are used. A
maximum thermometer has a constriction above the bulb
that permits the mercury to rise in the capillary tube but
does not allow it to descend the capillary tube unless the
thermometer is reset. The highest point that the mercury
reaches indicates the maximum temperature for the period.
The minimum thermometer, on the other hand, gives the
lowest temperature. It uses colored alcohol (because of its
low freezing point). It is placed at an angle of about 20°
from the horizontal. The black float called index needle is
pulled downslope to the lowest temperature of the day by
two forces; a) the surface tension at the top of the alcohol
column and b) the force of gravity.
THERMOGRAPH
 A thermograph is an instrument that records air
temperature continuously on graphing paper. It usually
consists of a cylinder made to revolve once each week by
means of clockworks inside. A sheet of graph paper is
fastened on the outside. A pen-point that rests on the paper
traces the temperature curve, according to the expansion
and contraction of a sensitive metallic coil or strip
corresponding to the reading of a thermometer.
 These instruments are housed in a thermometer shelter
which has double-louvered sides and a double-top roofing
designed to permit air to circulate freely through the
shelter.
What is the most accurate way to measure air temperature?
 For temperature readings to be accurate and meaningful,

thermometers should be located five to six feet above the
ground (ideally not over a paved surface) to minimize the
effect that the underlying ground itself might have on
temperature. Thermometers also should not be exposed to
direct sunlight.
What instrument is used to know the sea temperature?
The temperature of seawater is
measured using instruments called
thermistors. The temperature of
seawater can be measured to great
accuracy with carefully calibrated
modern thermistors - down to
variations of 0.0001° C.
THERMMISTOR
 A thermistor is a resistance thermometer, or a
resistor whose resistance is dependent on
temperature. The term is a combination of
“thermal” and “resistor”. It is made of
metallic oxides, pressed into a bead, disk, or
cylindrical shape and then encapsulated with
an impermeable material such as epoxy or
glass.
THERMISTOR
 Thermistors are thermally sensitive resistors
whose prime function is to exhibit a large,
predictable and precise change in electrical
resistance when subjected to a
corresponding change in body temperature.
THERMISTORS MAIN USE
 For thermistors, a large temperature
coefficient resistance change is necessary
to be able to measure the temperature. As a
temperature sensor, a thermistor is placed
in the body of the device for which it will
measure the temperature and is also
connected to an electrical circuit. The
thermistor is a small but important piece of
a larger system. A temperature controller
monitors the temperature of the thermistor.
Some of the most common uses of thermistors are in digital thermometers, in cars
to measure oil and coolant temperatures, and in household appliances such as
ovens and refrigerators, but they are also found in almost any application that
requires heating or cooling protection circuits for safe operation.
The simplest way of doing this is to use the thermistor as part of a potential
divider circuit as shown. A constant supply voltage is applied across the resistor
and thermistor series circuit with the output voltage measured from across the
thermistor.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nru9TV-u4j4
THANK YOU

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HOW TO MEASURE THE

TEMPERATURE OF BOTH AIR

Mercury is one of the most familiar materials

 For temperature readings to be accurate and meaningful,

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