Statistics

Make an acrostics of the word

S
T
A
T
I
S
T
I
C
S
Identify the term being described in each of
the following:
1.any activity which can be done repeatedly
under similar conditions
2. the set of all possible outcomes in an
experiment
3. a subset of a sample space
4. the elements in a sample space
5. the ratio of the number of favorable
outcomes to the number of possible outcomes.
1. any activity which can be done repeatedly under
similar conditions
answer: Experiment
2. the set of all possible outcomes in an experiment
answer: Sample Space
3. a subset of a sample space
answer: Event
4. the elements in a sample space
answer: Sample Point
5. the ratio of the number of favorable outcomes to
the number of possible outcomes.
answer: Probability
Answer the following questions:
1. In how many ways can two coins fall?
2. If three coins are tossed, in how many ways
can they fall?
3. In how many ways can a die fall?
4. In how many ways can two dice fall?
5. How many ways are there in getting a
double when two dice are rolled?
1. In how many ways can two coins fall?
Answer: 4
2. If three coins are tossed, in how many ways can they
fall?
Answer: 8
3. In how many ways can a die fall?
Answer: 6
4. In how many ways can two dice fall?
Answer: 36
5. How many ways are there in getting a double when two
dice are rolled?
Answer: 6
Competencies:
Illustrate a random variable
(discrete and continuous)
Distinguish between a discrete
and a continuous random
variable.
A random variable is a
numerical quantity that is
assigned to the outcome of an
experiment. A capital letter is
used to represent a random
variable.
Group the following variables:
Number of pencils in a box
Amount of antibiotics in the vial
Lifetime of light bulbs
Number of soldiers in a troop
Length of wire ropes
Voltage of radio batteries
Number of defective flashlights
A random variable may be
classified as discrete or
continuous.
Discrete random variable is
one that assumes a countable
number of values.
Continuous random variable
infinite number of values in one or
more intervals. It may be generated
using measuring instruments.
Activity 1
B. Classify the
following as discrete
or continuous.
1.number of senators present in the meeting
2. the weight of newborn babies for the
month of June
3. the number of ballpens in a box
4. the capacity of the electrical resistors
5. the amount of salt needed to bake a loaf
of bread
6. the capacity of an auditorium
7. the number of households with television
8. the height of mango trees in a farm
9. the area of lots in a subdivision
10. the number of students who joined the
fieldtrip
11. the time it takes a student to finish his test
in pre-calculus
12. the number of registered nurses in the city
13. the number of winners in lotto each month
14. the weight of professional boxers
15. the grade point average of students
1. Discrete 9. Continuous
2. Continuous 10. Discrete
3. Discrete 11. Continuous
4. Continuous 12. Discrete
5. Continuous 13. Discrete
6. Discrete 14. Continuous
7. Discrete 15. Continuous
8. Continuous
Values of Random
Variables
(Find the possible values of a random
variable.)
Situation 1
Supposed two coins are tossed.
Determine the value/s of the random
variable H (head).
Step 1. List the sample space
Step 2. Count the number of heads in
each outcome
Situation 2
A basket contains 10 ripe and 4
unripe bananas. If 3 bananas were
taken at random, determine the
possible values of random variable
R (ripe bananas)
Activity 2

Determine the values of the

random variables in each of the
following situations.
1. Two coins are tossed. Let T be the
number of tails that occurs. Determine the
values of random variable T.
2. Three coins are tossed. Let T be the
number of tails that occurs. Determine the
values of random variable T.
3. A coin is flipped four times. Let T be the
number of tails that come out. Determine
the values of the random variable T.
Assignment:
1. A meeting of consuls was attended by 4
Americans and 2 Germans. If 3 consuls were
selected at random one after the other,
determine the values of the random variable
G representing the German.
2. Two balanced dice are rolled. Let S be the
random variable denoting the sum of the
number of dots that will appear. Determine
the values of the random variable S.
Discrete Probability
Distribution
Competency:
Illustrate a probability
distribution for a discrete
random variable and its
properties
Construct the probability mass
function of a discrete random
variable and its corresponding
histogram.
Nationality Number of Participants
 Construct a frequency distribution table
using the given data.

International Conference on Human Rights

American Italian Japanese German American
German American Italian German Japanese
Filipino Japanese Filipino Korean Japanese
German American American Italian Filipino
Chinese Japanese German Japanese Chinese
Korean Italian Japanese Filipino American
Nationality Number of Participants

American

German

Filipino

Chinese

Korean

Italian

Japanese
Nationality Number of Participants

American 6

German 5

Filipino 4

Chinese 2

Korean 2

Italian 4

Japanese 7
 Determine the probability of the
following events:
1. What is the probability of obtaining a tail in a
single toss of a die?
2. What is the probability of obtaining a face card
in a single draw of card from a deck?
3. What is the probability of obtaining two heads in
a toss of three coins?
4. What is the probability of obtaining a prime
number in a single throw of a die?
5. What is the probability of obtaining a diamond
in a
 Determine the probability of the following events:
1. What is the probability of obtaining a tail in a single
toss of a die? ANS.
2. What is the probability of obtaining a face card in a
single draw of card from a deck? ANS.
3. What is the probability of obtaining two heads in a toss
of three coins? ANS.
4. What is the probability of obtaining a prime number in
a single throw of a die? ANS.
5. What is the probability of obtaining a diamond in a
single draw of card from a deck? ANS.
 Probability Distribution of the Discrete
Random Variable
STEPS:
1. List the sample space.
2. Determine the values of the required
variable.
3. Construct the frequency distribution of
the values of the random variable.
4. Construct the probability distribution of
the random variable.
Example
A basket contains 10 ripe and 4
unripe bananas. If 3 bananas were
taken at random, determine the
possible values of random variable
R (ripe bananas)
1. List the sample space.
Outcome
1. List the sample space.
Outcome
RRR
RRU
RUR
URR
UUR
URU
RUU
UUU
2. Determine the values of the required
variable.
Number of Ripe
Outcome
Bananas (R)
RRR
RRU
RUR
URR
UUR
URU
RUU
UUU
2. Determine the values of the required
variable.
Number of Ripe
Outcome
Bananas (R)
RRR 3
RRU 2
RUR 2
URR 2
UUR 1
URU 1
RUU 1
UUU 0
3. Construct the frequency distribution of the
values of the random variable.

Number of Occurrence
Number of Ripe Bananas (R)
(f)

3
2
1
0
Total
3. Construct the frequency distribution of the
values of the random variable.

Number of Occurrence
Number of Ripe Bananas (R)
(f)

3 1
2 3
1 3
0 1
Total 8
4. Construct the probability distribution
of the random variable.
Number of Number of Probability
Ripe Bananas Occurrence (f) P(R)
(R)

3 1
2 3
1 3
0 1
Total 8
4. Construct the probability distribution
of the random variable.
Number of Number of Probability
Ripe Bananas Occurrence (f) P(R)
(R)

3 1 1/8
2 3 3/8
1 3 3/8
0 1 1/8
Total 8 1
Probability Distribution Table

R 3 2 1 0

P(R)
Probability Distribution Table

R 3 2 1 0

P(R) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8

EXAMPLE 2
Supposed two coins are tossed and we are
interested to determine the number of heads
that will come out in this experiment. Use H
to represent the number of heads that will
come out. Determine the values of random
variable H.
Activity 3
Construct the probability
distribution table of the random
variables in Activity 2.
1. Two coins are tossed. Let T be the
number of tails that occurs. Determine the
values of random variable T.
2. Three coins are tossed. Let T be the
number of tails that occurs. Determine the
values of random variable T.
3. A coin is flipped four times. Let T be the
number of tails that come out. Determine
the values of the random variable T.
 Properties of a
Discrete Probability
Distribution
Consider the probability distribution of the
number of bananas given below.

R 3 2 1 0
P(R) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8

Find the following.

1.P(R=3) 4. P(R<2)
2.P(R=1) 5. (R)
3.P(R>1)
Determine whether or not the distribution
represents a probability distribution.
Y 2 4 6 8
P(y) 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4

x 0 1 3 5
P(x) 1/3 1/6 1/3 1/4

Z 4 7 8 9
P(Z) 1/5 1/5 2/5 1/5
 H 3 6 9
P(H) 0.65 -0.15 0.50

G 5 10 15 20 25
P(G) 0.12 0.34 0.23 0.16 0.15
Probability
Histogram
A histogram is used to represent the
relationship between the number of
values (independent variable) and the
number of occurrences (dependent
variable) of a random variable.
Example 1
A basket contains 10 ripe and 4
unripe bananas. If 3 bananas were
taken at random, determine the
possible values of random variable
R (ripe bananas)
Construct the frequency distribution of the
values of the random variable R.

Number of Occurrence
Number of Ripe Bananas (R)
(f)

3 1
2 3
1 3
0 1
Total 8
 Frequency Histogram
3.5

2.5

f
2

1.5

0.5

0
3 2 1 0

R
Construct the probability distribution of
the values of the random variable R.

Number of Ripe Bananas (R) P(R)

3 1/8
2 3/8
1 3/8
0 1/8
Total 1
 0.400
Probability Histogram
0.350

0.300

0.250

P(R) 0.200

0.150

0.100

0.050

0.000
3 2 1 0

R
Example 2
Construct the probability histogram of the
probability distribution of the number of
heads.

Probability Distribution of the Number of

H 2
Heads 1 0
P(H)
¼ ½ ¼
Activity 4
Construct the frequency and
probability histogram of the
random variables in Activity 3.
QUIZ 1
The following are the number of cars sold per day by
ABC Motors Corporation for the past 500 working days.
No. of Cars Sold Per Day (X) Frequency of Occurrence
0 40
1 100
2 142
3 66
4 36
5 30
6 26
7 20
8 16
9 14
10 8
11 2
Total 500
A. Construct the probability distribution of
the random variable X.
B. Construct the probability histogram.
Finding the Mean and the Variance
of a Discrete Probability
Distribution
Finding the Mean and the Variance of a
Frequency Distribution
The mean of a frequency distribution is
obtained by using the formula

Where mean
= frequency
= total frequency
Example:
Ages of Grade 11 Mathematics Teachers
X f fX 1. What is the value
of N?
21 2
2. What is the value
25 4 of
36 6 3. What is the value
43 2 of the mean ?
50 1

N= ∑ 𝑓𝑋=¿¿
Finding the Mean and the Variance of a
Frequency Distribution
The variance and the standard deviation of a
frequency distribution are computed by using the
following formulas:

Where = frequency
= total frequency
score
Example:
Ages of Grade 11 Mathematics Teachers
Compute the variance and the standard deviation.
X f fX f
21 2
25 4
36 6
43 2
50 1
N=
∑ 𝑓𝑋=¿¿ ∑ 𝑓 𝑋 =¿¿
2
The Mean of a Discrete Probability
Distribution
The Mean of a Discrete Probability
Distribution
To find the mean or the expected value of a discrete
probability distribution,

Where mean
X = value of the random variable
P(X) = probability value of the random variable
Example
Find the mean of the discrete random variable X with the ff. probability
distribution.

X P(X)
3
2
1
0
Example
Find the mean of the discrete random variable X with the ff.
probability distribution.

X P(X)
3
2
1
0
Step 1
Multiply the value of X by its corresponding probability value
P(X).
X P(X) XP(X)

3
2
1
0
Step 1
Multiply the value of X by its corresponding probability value
P(X).
X P(X) XP(X)

3
2
1
0 0
Step 2
Find the mean or the expected value of the probability distribution
by getting the sum of the values under the column XP(X)

= +++0
=
= 1.5
Therefore, the mean or the expected
value of the probability distribution
is 1.5.
Example 2
Find the mean or the expected value of the probability
distribution.

X P(X)
2 0.042
3 0.010
4 0.021
5 0.375
6 0.188
7 0.344
8 0.021
ACTIVITY 5
Find the mean of the discrete
probability distributions in Activity
4.
The Variance and Standard Deviation
of a Discrete Probability Distribution
The Variance and Standard Deviation of a
Discrete Probability Distribution
Variance:

Standard Deviation:

Where mean
X = value of the random variable
P(X) = probability value of the random variable
= variance
= standard deviation
Example 1
Find the variance and the standard deviation of the probability
distribution.

X P(X)
3
2
1
0
Step 1
Find the mean of the probability distribution.
X P(X) XP(X)

3
2
1
0
Step 1
Find the mean of the probability distribution.
X P(X) XP(X)

3
2
1
0 0

= +++0
=
= 1.5
Step 2
Square each value of the random variable and multiply by
the corresponding probability value
X P(X)
3
2
1
0
Step 2
Square each value of the random variable and multiply by
the corresponding probability value
X P(X)
3 9
2 4
1 1
0 0 0
Step 3
Find the variance and the standard deviation
Variance:

Standard Deviation:
Variance:

=
=
=
= 0.75
Standard Deviation:

=
=
=
 Therefore, the variance is and
the standard deviation is
Example 2
Find the variance and the standard deviation
of the probability distribution.
X P(X)
2 0.042
3 0.010
4 0.021
5 0.375
6 0.188
7 0.344
8 0.021
ACTIVITY 6
Find the variance and the standard
deviation of the discrete probability
distributions in Activity 5.
Applied Problems Involving the Mean and the
Variance of a Discrete Probability Distribution
The following show the probability distribution of the
number of computers sold daily in a computer shop during
the past several months.
1. What is the probability that
No. of Probability
on a given day
Computers P(X)
X a. fewer than three computers
will be sold?
0 0.10
b. at most, two computers
1 0.20 will be sold?
2 0.45 c. at least, four computers
3 0.15 will be sold?
4 0.05 d. exactly three computers
5 0.05 will be sold?
2. Find the mean.
X P(X)
0 0.10
1 0.20
2 0.45
3 0.15
4 0.05
5 0.05

𝜇=𝐸 ( 𝑋 )=∑ [ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃 (𝑋 ) ]
The mean of the probability distribution
is 2. This implies that in a long run, we
expect that the average number of
computers that will be sold on a given
day will be two.
3. Find the standard deviation.
X P(X) P(X)

0 0.10
1 0.20
2 0.45
3 0.15
4 0.05
5 0.05

𝜎= √ ∑ [ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃 ( 𝑋 )] − 𝜇
2 2
The standard deviation of the probability
distribution is 1.18. this implies that on
the average, the number of computers
sold is 1.18 units from the mean.
ACTIVITY 7
 No. of Probability
Tellers P(X)
X
In a convenient store, the
0 0.029
number of tellers (X) busy
1 0.049
with customers at 12:00
2 0.078
noon varies from day to
3 0.155
day. Past records indicate
4 0.212
that the probability
5 0.262
distribution of X is as
6 0.215
follows:
 1. What is the probability that
exactly four tellers are busy at
12:00 noon?
2. What is the probability that, at
No. of Probability least, two tellers are busy at
Tellers P(X) 12:00 noon?
X 3. What is the probability that
0 0.029 fewer than five tellers are busy at
1 0.049 12:00 noon?
2 0.078 4. What is the probability that, at
least two, but fewer than five
3 0.155
tellers are busy at 12:00 noon?
4 0.212
5. What is the mean of the
5 0.262 probability distributions?
6 0.215 6. What is the standard deviation of
the probability distributions?