"SWIMMING

"

Reporter :
Anusencion
Capiral
Lugtu
 SWIMMING

The term "swimming" refers to the propulsion of body through the

water with the help of limbs to move in the desired direction. It is
basically locomotion of creatures in water to survive, but amphibians
also have an ability to go with this kind. Human uses swimming for
many purposes such as exercise, sports and recreation. The medium
can either be still or turbulent or moving with a velocity.
 HISTORY

Evidence of recreational swimming in prehistoric times has been found,

with the earliest evidence dating to Stone Age paintings from around 10,
000 years ago.
• It was first started in Japan in 1603 as a race without any formal
existence.
• In 1837, the sports association of London organized Swim Meets
and conducted a championship over 440 yards in 1846 codifying
some rules for it and the Association Metropolitan Swimming Club
was founded in 1969.
• The Federation International de Natation Amateur (FINA) was
founded in the same year with 10 nation members. Initially,
swimming competitions were held in the sea but after some time, it
switched over pools.
• Swimming rose as a competitive recreational movement during the
1830s in England.
• In 1828, the first indoor pool, St George's Baths was opened to the
public.
• 1837, the National Swimming Society was holding ordinary swimming
rivalries in six artificial pools, worked around London.
• By 1880, when the main national overseeing body, the Amateur
Swimming Association was shaped, there was at that point more than
300 regional clubs in task over the country.
• In 1844 two Native American members at a swimming game in London
acquainted the front crawl with a European group of onlookers.
• John Arthur Trudgen grabbed the hand-over stroke from some South
American locals and effectively introduced the new stroke in 1873,
winning a nearby challenge in England. His stroke is still viewed as the
most dominant to utilise today.
• Chief Matthew Webb was the first man to swim the English Channel
(among England and France), in 1875. Utilising the breaststroke
system, he swam the channel of 21.26 miles (34.21 km) in 21 hours
and 45 minutes.
• Other European nations additionally formed swimming alliances;
Germany in 1882, France in 1890 and Hungary in 1896. The main
European amateur swimming games were in 1889 in Vienna.
• The world's first ladies' swimming title was held in Scotland in 1892.
• Men's swimming turned out to be a piece of the Olympic Games in
1896 in Athens.
• The first races in three different strokes (backstroke, breaststroke
and freestyle) were held only for men but in 1912, the races for
women also started.
• The principal global swim meet for ladies outside the Olympics was
the 1922 Women's Olympiad.
• The biggest competitions of swimming are Olympics and World
Championships initiated in 1973.
 SWIMMING AS A SPORT

Swimming is an individual or tam

racing sport that requires the use
of one's entire body to move
through water. The sport takes
place in pools or open water.

Swimming is the sport or

activity of propelling oneself
through water using the limbs.
Competitive swimming is one of the most popular Olympic
sports, with varied distance events in butterfly, backstroke,
breaststroke, freestyle, and individual medley. In addition to
these individual events, four swimmers can take part in either a
freestyle or medley relay. A medley relay consists of four
swimmers who will each swim a different stroke, ordered as
backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly and freestyle.
 SWIMMING - VARIANTS

1.Sprinting

Sprinting means swimming intensely for a shorter period.

Sprinter swimmer usually put maximum effort on the
swim/speed and concentrate on managing their breath. They
usually participate in 50, 100, and 200 metres races.
2. Distance Swimming

Distance swimming means swimming faster and longer as to

cover a long distance. Distance swimmers have high endurance
since they swim for long periods and have to deal with greater
strains on their muscles and body. While swimming in a race,
they usually seek to maintain a high average speed and keep
trying to relax while not entirely dropping theri speed. They often
participate in 800 or 1500 meter races.
3. Middle distance swimming

Middle distance swimmers do not decrease their speed as fast

as a sprinter while swimming on a long swimming course. They
also tend to have higher initial speed than long-distance
swimmers. They usually give their optimum performance on a
track which is not too long and ranges between 200 meters and
400 meters.
 TYPES OF EVENTS

1. Individual Medley (IM)

In this event, a swimmer performs four strokes in the order-

butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke and freestyle. A swimmer
starts with butterfly stroke and completes the race ending with
freestyle with each stroke performed according to its rules and
especially the turn rules.
2. RELAYS
The relay is also performed in two ways ;
1. Freestyle relay - In freestyle relays, four swimmers participate
as a team and each swimmer cover one-fourth of the total
distance according to the freestyle rules.
2. Medley relay -is a combination of four different swimming
styles. The first one follows backstroke, the second one
breaststroke, the third one butterfly and the fourth one ends the
race following the freestyle stroke.
 TECHNIQUES
1. Freestyle
The freestyle stroke, also known as front crawl, is the fastest and most
efficient of the swimming strokes used in competition.
The freestyle stroke is swum in a horizontal position with the body
facing down. The body rolls from one side to the other, always turning
to the side of the arm that is currently pulling in the water. The head
remains in a neutral position, face down, except when breathing.
To enable breathing, the body rolls a little further to the side during the
arm recovery, and the head also turns to the side until the mouth is
above the water surface.
2. Backstroke
This is one of the least famous strokes in which swimmers swim on
their back by fluttering the legs and moving forward with the help of
hands. The starting position for this stroke is different from
freestyle. The swimmer holds the grip of departure and braces his
feet against the wall underwater. At the signal, he leaves the grip and
dive into the water with full force by pushing off his legs on the wall.
After diving in, the swimmer starts fluttering his feet to reach the
surface and then moves his arms alternatively to go forward. After
reaching another end, he flips onto his stomach and touches the wall
by any part of his body (mostly by feet).
3. Breaststroke
After the signal, the swimmer pushes off
his body, dive into the water and then
move in a forward direction by pulling the
arms in outward, downward and then
inward direction before kicking with legs.
At another end of the pool, the swimmer
has to touch the wall with both his hands
and regain the horizontal position before
leaving the wall. This type of turn is called
an "Open Turn".
4. Butterfly Stroke
Similar to breaststroke and freestyle, the swimmer moves both his
arms in a symmetrical pattern, keeping the shoulder parallel to the
water surface and moving his legs in unison manner like a dolphin. The
swimmer breathes in at the end of the stroke while taking the arms
over his head. After reaching the end of the pool, he touches the wall
by both of his hands and then pushes off the wall with feet. Moving in
the stomach down position, he uses dolphin kicks and then swims in
the same manner to complete the race.
 RULES FOR COMPETITIVE
SWIMMING

Swimmers race a variety of

distances, ranging from 25
yards or meters to 1600 yards.
Each stroke has specific rules
as to how swimmers may
propel themselves through the
water.
THE START - Freestyle, Breaststroke, Butterfly and Medley must
start with a dive.
Whistle - step onto the starting block (or side of the pool)
“Take your Marks” - Get into starting position with at least one foot
at the front of the blocks (or pool).

Backstroke and Medley Relay :

Whistle - get into the water and return to the wall.
“Take your Marks” - Get into starting position
When all swimmers are stationary the starter will give the “go”
signal.
 When all swimmers are stationary the starter will give the “go”
signal.
 The “one start rule” means if you go before the start signal you
might be disqualified.
 Over the top starts: After your time has been taken by the recorder
move out to the “T” on the bottom of the pool or the second white
lane rope marker. The next group of swimmers will dive into the
water while you are still in the lane. Please keep as close to the
lane ropes as possible and keep as still as possible so you don’t
put the next swimmer off.
ALL STROKES:

1. Some part of the swimmer must touch the wall upon completion of
each length and at the finish.
2. After the dive/start and at the turn, your head must surface before the
15m mark.
3. Freestyle is the only stroke you are allowed to stand up in but you may
not walk or take a step.
4. Try not to stand up when turning but certainly do not take a step or
push off from the bottom of the pool
BACKSTROKE
1. Unless you are doing a tumble turn* you must be on your back
when you touch and leave the wall.

BREASTSTROKE:
1. The stroke cycle must be one arm stroke and one leg kick.
2. During the stoke cycle some part of the head must break the
surface of the water.
3. The arms must move simultaneously.
4. The hands shall not be bought back beyond the hip line (except
during the pull out)*
5. The feet must be turned outwards during the propulsive part of the kick.
6. All leg movements must be simultaneous and without alternating
movement.
7. A scissor, flutter or downward dolphin kick is not allowed.
8. At the turn and finish both hands must touch simultaneously.

BUTTERFLY:
1. Both arms must move simultaneously and be bought forward over the
water.
2. All up and down movement of the legs must be 3. At the turn and finish
both hands must touch simultaneously.
MEDLEY:
1. Each stroke must be finished as if it were the finish of the race i.e.
backstroke must be finished on the back.

RELAYS:
1. You must not leave the starting blocks till the previous swimmer has
touched.
2. You must leave the water before the next swimmer finishes their leg
of the race.
3. You may not get back into the water after your portion of the race has
finished.
 FACILITIES

COMPETION POOLS

- World championship pools in long coursemust be 50 meters

long and 25 meters wide, with ten lanes labeled zero to nine (one
to tenin some pools)
- Zero and nine (one and ten) left emptyin semi-finals and finals.
- The lanes must be at least 2.5 meters wide.
- The pool must have a minimum depthof two meters.
• Other pools which hostevents
under FINAregulations are
required tomeet but not all of
thisrequirements.
• Many of these pools
haveeight, or even six, instead
often lanes and some will be
25meters long, making
themshort courses.
•
 SCORING

In the swimming pool, success is defined in terms of time and

places instead of points or goals. Races begin with the sounding of
electronic pistols which are sounded again in case of a false start.
In every race, the swimmer must follow the specific technical rules
and reach the finish line at the fastest possible time. A pressure
pad at the end of the lane stops the clock when the swimmer
reaches the finish line. The swimmers that took the least time to
cover the same distance end up winning the given event!
 EQUIPMENTS
 Swimsuit - Competitive swimwear tries to enhance exposed
skin for a speed preferred standpoint and inclusion. In 2009,
FINA principles and directions were changed, and suits made
with polyurethane were prohibited because they made
competitors progressively bouyant. These standards
additionally banned lawsuits which go over the navel or beneath
the knee for men and suits which stretch out past the shoulders
or spread the neck for women.
SWIMSUIT
Swim Cap
 A swim cap keeps the swimmer's hair off the water to lessen
drag. Caps are usually made up of various synthetic materials like
latex, silicone, spandex or lycra.

Soul Cap Traditional swim Cap

Goggles
 They keep water and
chlorine out of swimmers'
eyes. Glasses might be
tinted to check frown at
open-air pools. Swimmers
who wear corrective focal
lenses might utilise remedy
goggles.
Swim Fins

 Elastic blades/ rubber fins are

utilised to help kick quicker and
construct quality and procedure,
however, are illicit in a race.
They additionally improve
strategy and technique by
keeping the feet in the best
possible position while kicking.
Drag suit
 Swimmers use drag suits in
preparing to build resistance.
This enables a swimmer to be
tested much more when
rehearsing and let the
swimmer feel less obstruction
when hustling. Drag suits are
not utilised in races.
Hand paddles
 Swimmers utilise these plastic
gadgets to manufacture arm and
shoulder strength while refining
hand-pulling strategy. Hand
paddles append to the hand with
elastic tubing or flexible material.
They come in a massive range of
shapes and sizes, contingent
upon swimmer inclination and
hand measure.
Kickboard
 A kickboard is a foam
board used by swimmers
to help/support the
heaviness of the chest
area/upper body while they
centre around kicking.
Kicking is the development
of the legs to build leg
muscle for future quality.
Pull Buoy
 Frequently utilised in the meantime as
hand paddles, pull floats bolster
swimmers' legs (and keep them from
kicking) while they centre around
dragging. Pull buoys are made up of
foam, so they glide in the water.
Swimmers hold them in the middle of
the thighs. They can likewise be
utilised as a kickboard to make kicking
somewhat harder.
Snorkel
 A snorkel is a plastic gadget that enables
swimmers to inhale while swimming. This
bit of gear allows the swimmer to work on
keeping their head in one position,
alongside preparing them for the best
possible breathing strategy of taking in
through the mouth and out the nose. This
strategy is the inverse of a typical
sprinter's breathing example, which is in
the nose and out the mouth.
Tempo Trainer
 A signalling clock joined to a
swimmers top or goggles keeps
up a specific arm rhythm or
speed. As each beep is heard,
the following stroke, or cycles
of strokes, ought to be taken.
Zoomers
 A sort of elastic swimming
balances, zoomers are cut off
blades with the gaps in the base.
They help make the swimmer kick
quicker, yet at the expense of
working harder.
 OFFICIALS
1.Referee - A person in-charge to conduct the whole meet. He makes
the final decision after judges if there is any appeal.
2. Starter - The one who commands swimmers to start the race and
has full control over the particular event.
3. Stroke Judges - To observe the performance of each swimmer in
the pool, there are four stroke judges two being on each side of the
pool.
4. Turn Judges - Eight judges are assigned to each lane to observe
whether the swimmers are taking the turn according to their stroke.
5. Chief Timer - The Chief Timer verifies the electronically recorded
time of each swimmer performing in the event.
Thank
you!