1 Comp Phy

Computational Physics 22PHY106
Mechanics: - Mechanics is the physical science that deals with the effects of forces on objects.
Area of application: - vibrations, stability and strength of structures and machines, robotics,
rocket and
spacecraft design, automatic control, engine performance, fluid flow, electrical machines and
apparatus, and molecular, atomic, and subatomic behavior.
History of Mechanics: -
• The earliest recorded writings in mechanics are those of Archimedes (287–212 B.C.) on the
principle of the lever and the principle of buoyancy.
• Substantial progress came later with the formulation of the laws of vector combination of
forces by Stevinus (1548–1620), who also formulated most of the principles of statics.
• The first investigation of a dynamics problem is credited to Galileo (1564–1642) for his
experiments with falling stones.
• The accurate formulation of the laws of motion, as well as the law of gravitation, was made
by Newton (1642–1727)
• Substantial contributions to the development of mechanics were also made by da Vinci,
Varignon, Euler, D’Alembert, Lagrange, Laplace, and others.
Statics and Dynamics: - Statics, which concerns the equilibrium of bodies under the action of
forces, and Dynamics, which concerns the motion of bodies.
Some basic conceots: -

• Space: - is the geometric region occupied by bodies whose positions are described by linear
and angular measurements relative to a coordinate system. (Eg – 2D and 3D)
• Time: - is the measure of the succession of events and is a basic quantity in dynamics. Time
is not directly involved in the analysis of statics problems.
• Mass: - is a measure of the inertia of a body, which is its resistance to a change of velocity.
Mass can also be thought of as the quantity of matter in a body.
Force: - is the action of one body on another. A force tends to move a body in the direction
of its action. The action of a force is characterized by its magnitude, by the direction of its
action, and by its point of application.
• Particle: - is a body of negligible dimensions. In the mathematical sense, a particle is a body
whose dimensions are considered to be near zero so that we may analyze it as a mass
concentrated at a point.
• Rigid body: - A body is considered rigid when the change in distance between any two of its
points is negligible for the purpose at hand.
Scalars and Vectors
Scalar quantities are those with which only a magnitude is associated. Examples of scalar quantities are time,
volume, density, speed, energy etc.
Vector quantities, on the other hand, possess direction as well as magnitude, and must obey the parallelogram
law of addition. Examples of vector quantities are displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, moment, and
momentum.
Vectors representing physical quantities can be classified as free, sliding, or fixed.

A free vector is one whose action is not confined to or associated with a unique line in space.
For example, if a body moves without rotation, then the movement or displacement of any point in the body
may be taken as a vector.
This vector describes equally well the direction and magnitude of the displacement of every point in the body.
Thus, we may represent the displacement of such a body by a free vector.
A sliding vector has a unique line of action in space but not a unique point of application.
For example, when an external force acts on a rigid body, the force can be applied at any point along its line of
action without changing its effect on the body as a whole, and thus it is a sliding vector.
A fixed vector is one for which a unique point of application is specified.
The action of a force on a deformable or nonrigid body must be specified by a fixed vector at the point of
application of the force.
In this instance the forces and deformations within the body depend on the point of application of the force, as
well as on its magnitude and line of action
Vector representation
Vectors must obey the parallelogram law of combination.
Rectangular components of a vector.
A vector V may be expressed mathematically by multiplying its magnitude V by a vector n whose

magnitude is one and whose direction coincides with that of V. The vector n is called a unit vector.
Newton’s laws: -
Law I. A particle remains at rest or continues to move with uniform velocity (in a straight line with a
constant speed) if there is no unbalanced force acting on it.
Law II. The acceleration of a particle is proportional to the vector the sum of forces acting on it, and is
in the direction of this vector sum.
Law III. The forces of action and reaction between interacting bodies are equal in magnitude, opposite
in direction, and collinear (they lie on the same line).
Dot product
Cross product
Concept of Force
Concentrated force as a vector
Goes along with the rigid body idealization
To describe the physical interaction between bodies
Changes or tends to change the motion of a body
Force always exist in pairs
Concept of Force
Concept of Force
Action and reaction always act on different objects
What is the effect of Force ?
Unit of force ?
Non-coplanar:- The forces do not lie on the same plane
R
Force as 3D vector
magnitude
Question 1
F2 = 100 N
F2 = 100 N
Resultant force
Question 2
𝑭𝑹
Question 3
𝑭 𝟐=𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑵
𝐹 2=500 𝑁

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Computational Physics 22PHY106

Some basic conceots: -

Vectors representing physical quantities can be classified as free, sliding, or fixed.

Vectors must obey the parallelogram law of combination.

Rectangular components of a vector.

A vector V may be expressed mathematically by multiplying its magnitude V by a vector n whose

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