Topic 2-Parts and Functions of The Cell

Cell structure and function
Due to advancement of technology the study of cell and

its structure broadens, this helps us to understand how
cells work and how it affects our daily life.
Also we are now able to dissect and identify the different
part of cell and its functions.
This part of cell are called ORGANELLES.
BASIC FEATURES OF ALL CELL TYPE
As we all know, there are many types of cell but despite of

their differences a typical cell is consist of three major parts.
1. Cell membrane / Plasma Membrane
2. Cell nucleus
3. Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Also known as Plasma Membrane.

 This structure is compose of two layer of phospholipids (Phospholipid
bilayer) fats, carbohydrates and protein materials.
 Cell membrane’s function is to:
Provide support and maintain cell shape.
Regulates the flow of material inside and outside the cell.
Act as receptor site and functional carrier of molecule.
And provide identification boundary.
Cell membrane
Cell wall is made up of semipermeable membrane that

actively facilitates the entrance and exit of materials in
and out of the cell.
Cell membrane
Also some cell has this another sturdy

layer called CELL WALL.
This is the outermost layer of plant,
fungal, and bacterial cell. (Not present
in animal cell)
Gives additional support to the cell,
prevent water loss and enclose the cell
to avoid the invasion of pathogens.
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm lies between the cell membrane and
nucleus.
 Consist of a jelly-like substance.
 Also consist of cytosol, organelles and inclusions.
 This is a place where cell expansion, growth, metabolic
activities and cell function happens.
 Cytosol – Semi-transparent fluid present in which organelles
are suspended. It also gives support and holds the organelles in
the cell.
 Floating inside the cytoplasm are the organelles such
as :
Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi apparatus and
many more!
Cytoplasmic organelles
Ribosomes
 Are small rounded, dark bodies, which is
contains proteins and RNA.
 They connect amino acids to form chains of
proteins.
 Ribosomes does not have a membrane.
 Can be found in cytoplasm and Rough
Endoplasmic Reticulum.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
 Interconnected tubes and flattened sacs
(cisternae) that transports vesicles to
carry different substances.
 Comes in two types:
1. Smooth ER
2. Rough ER
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
 Rough ER has a ribosomes in its
flattened body. Also manufacture and
synthesize proteins.
 Smooth ER has a NO ribosomes in its
flattened body. It detoxify drugs and
synthesize non-protein substance.
Cytoplasmic organelles OPPA
GOLGI APPARATUS
 A.K.A. Golgi Bodies, Golgi complex and
Dictyosomes.
 Stacks of flattened sacs that carries protein
from RER to the outside part of the cell.
 Contains enzymes that modify protein,
packages and secreted protein.
 Vesicles are the small of packs of organic
materials. THE MOST OPPABLE PART OF THE CELL. <3
MITOCHONDRIA
 It is known as the "Power house of the cell".
 It has two layers of membranous sacs, the inside
membrane is enfolds to form cristae and encloses
by a matrix.
 This is the location wherein energy produces by
synthesis of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
 Organelle responsible for cellular respiration,
conversion of energy originating from simple
sugar and lipids into ATP energy. It regulates
cellular metabolism.
VACUOLES
 Single membranous sac that stores materials
and water, releasing of cellular waste
products, conducts intercellular digestion,
maintaining hydrostatic pressure.
 Vacuole in plants is large that plays a vital
role in turgor pressure and serves as for the
storage of water. While in animals is small
for the storage of food products.
LYSOSOMES
 Are known as "scavenger of the cell“
 Membranous bag structure which contain strong hydrolytic
enzymes use to digest macromolecules.
 These single-membranous organelles also digest damage
parts of the cell down by nucleic acids and some lipids.
The digested products can reuse again by the cell for the
synthesis of
cellular materials.
 The programmed of cell destruction with the use of
lysosomal enzymes is important in the process of cell
development.
GLYCOCALYX
 A.K.A. Cell Coat it is located in the
outer part of cell membrane of animal
cell
 It functions for cell recognition and
cellular adhesion.
 It is also responsible for tissue
organization.
PEROXISOMES
Are membranous sacs that
containing oxidative enzymes
for the function of
detoxifying harmful
substance
CYTOSKELETON
 Composed of collective network of protein
filamentous, thread-like structure called
microtubules, microfilaments which
produce a strong ability to support and
maintain the cell shape.
 It is the fundamental framework of the
cytoplasm containing protein filament that
assist for the organelles to move inside.
PLASTIDS
 The largest, rounded membranous organelles
that contain DNA usually seen in plants but
not common in animal cell.
 A double-membranous structure enclosed by a
thylakoid membrane consists of chloroplasts
which contain chlorophyll use by the plants
for making coloring pigments in their food
through the process of photosynthesis.
PLASTIDS
 Thylakoid is flattened membranous sacs.
 Grana refers to stacked arrangement of
thylakoid.
 Stroma space outside the thylakoid which
contains enzymes for carbohydrate
synthesis.
PLASTIDS
Different Plastids and their coloring pigments
a. Chloroplastids - green pigment .
b. Chromoplastids - colored pigment like red, yellow and orange.
a. Carotenoids – Orange
b. Anthocyanin – Red or Blue
c. Anthoxanthin – Pale Yellow
d. Xanthophyll – Yellow
c. Leucoplastids - white and colorless pigment
a. Amyloplasts – Stores starch grains.
b. Proteinoplasts – Stores protein.
c. Elaioplasts – Stores oil substance.
CENTROSOME AND CENTRIOLE

 The centriole is a small, fibrous structure and
cylindrical shape having a mass dense of protoplasm
found near the nucleus.
 Contains nine pairs of peripheral microtubules
orthogonally arrange to produce the wall of the cylinder.
 Present only in animal cell, a pair of centrioles are
found inside centrosome which replicates when the cell
divides
Part of nucleus
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
 Consists of two-membranous layered that covers
the entire Nucleus and separates the nuclear
material from the cytoplasm.
 It contains thread-like materials called chromatin
which is located in a darker area of the nucleus.
 The nuclear membrane controls the continuous
flow of materials inside and outside the nucleus.
Part of nucleus
NUCLEOPLASM
 It is known as the nuclear sap containing fluid
substance that suspended in the internal part
forming the protoplasm of the nucleus also
known as Karyoplasm.
Part of nucleus
NUCLEOULUS
 A spherical shape made up of granular
structures that found inside the nucleus
containing Ribosomal Nucleic Acid (RNA)
which rich of protein materials for the protein
synthesis and carrying hereditary traits.
Part of nucleus
CHROMOSOMES
 These are long thread stands associated with
protein materials that suddenly coiled, appear
thicker, denser and shorter when cells divide.
 Carries DNA
 Also bounded with protein which serves as
packaging of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
that controls the hereditary characteristics.
Other parts
FLAGELLA are cytoplasmic projections that

made of two central and nine pairs of peripheral
microtubules which extend from surface of cell;
covered by plasma membrane; many single-
celled organisms use them for propulsion and
other function of flagella for cell locomotion.
CILIA are relatively short projections that
extend from the surface of cell and allowing the
materials to move on surface of some tissues in
form of waves.

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Topic 2-Parts and Functions of The Cell

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Cell structure and function

Due to advancement of technology the study of cell and

As we all know, there are many types of cell but despite of

Also known as Plasma Membrane.

Cell wall is made up of semipermeable membrane that

Also some cell has this another sturdy

CENTROSOME AND CENTRIOLE

FLAGELLA are cytoplasmic projections that

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