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    Geogrophy 101©

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    Mekyle Sieunarine
    The document discusses different topics related to geography including plate boundaries, weathering processes, mass wasting, limestone features, and coral reefs. It defines key terms and concepts for each topic and describes the formation processes and characteristics. The document is intended as a revision guide for an end of term test in geography.

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    Geogrophy 101©

    Uploaded by

    Mekyle Sieunarine
    26 views43 pages
    The document discusses different topics related to geography including plate boundaries, weathering processes, mass wasting, limestone features, and coral reefs. It defines key terms and concepts for each topic and describes the formation processes and characteristics. The document is intended as a revision guide for an end of term test in geography.

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    GEOGROPHY 101©

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    The document discusses different topics related to geography including plate boundaries, weathering processes, mass wasting, limestone features, and coral reefs. It defines key terms and concepts for each topic and describes the formation processes and characteristics. The document is intended as a revision guide for an end of term test in geography.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    26 views43 pages

    Geogrophy 101©

    Uploaded by

    Mekyle Sieunarine
    The document discusses different topics related to geography including plate boundaries, weathering processes, mass wasting, limestone features, and coral reefs. It defines key terms and concepts for each topic and describes the formation processes and characteristics. The document is intended as a revision guide for an end of term test in geography.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    You are on page 1of 43

    GEOGROPHY 101©

    REVISION FOR END OF TERM TEST

    BY: ADITYA PERSAD


    Plate Boundaries

     Divergent- A divergent plate margin is when two plates move apart. When the
    plates move apart magma rises slowly upwards between the two plates. New crust
    is formed. Landforms like underwater volcanoes are formed.
     Convergent- A convergent plate margin is when two plates come together. The
    heavier (oceanic) plate sinks beneath lighter plate (continental).This happens in
    the zone of subduction. The oceanic crusts melt to form magma. The magma then
    rises out of to create volcanoes, island arcs etc.
     Transform- A transform plate margin is when two plates slide past each other
    without converging or diverging. They produce major earthquakes.
    WEATHERING
    WEATHERING

    Weathering- it is the breakdown of rocks to form soil. It does not involve the
    removal of the rock.
    The (3) types of rock weathering are:
     Physical weathering- it is the breakdown of rock but the rock doesn't change its
    mineral composition.

     Chemical Weathering- It alters the minerals that make up the rock and may
    produce changes in color or texture.

     Biological weathering- It is when Plants and animals sometimes help to break


    down rocks, Particularly if unconsolidated or soft.
    PHYSICAL
    WEATHERING
     Frost Action- In cold climates when the
    temperature falls below freezing point at
    night, Frost action is an important form of
    weathering.

     Pressure Release- When rocks are


    removed by erosion, the pressure
    weighing down on the rocks below them
    is reduced. They expand slightly. As the
    rocks expands, joints and cracks are
    formed. This process is called Pressure
    release.
    Chemical Weathering

     Hydrolysis- This happens when a mineral reacts chemically with water. Feldspar is a hard rock
    forming material, which reacts with minerals to produce clay minerals.
     Solution- Some minerals such as rock salt and calcium bicarbonate, can be dissolved by water.
    Sometimes rainwater are slightly acidic and so is the water in the soil. This increases the rate at
    witch solution operation on moist minerals.
     Oxidation- This happens when a mineral reacts with the oxygen in the air. When iron is left
    exposed in the atmosphere, rusts starts to form on the surface. Many rock forming minerals
    such as sulfur can also be altered by oxidation.
     Carbonation- Carbonation is a form of chemical weathering that affects limestone.
    (Processes of carbonation will be discussed in detail in the next slide.)
    PROCESS OF CARBONATION.

     Limestone consists of mainly calcium carbonate . Before weathering, This mineral


    isn’t soluble.
     The atmosphere contains Carbon dioxide . There is a higher concentration of carbon
    dioxide in the air trapped between soil particles.
     Rainwater reacts with the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and in the soil to form a
    weak carbonic acid .
     This carbonic acid reacts with the limestone to produce calcium bicarbonate in this
    chemical reaction:
    BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING

    Biological Weathering involves the breakdown of rocks by the action f lants and animals.

    o Plants > Plant roots growing in joints in rocks help to split up the rocks.
    o Animals > Animals burrowing through the soil loosen the soil, the soil is moved to the
    surface
    o Chemical Action > Decaying vegetation form humus, which is acidic. The rocks are
    eaten away by acids.
    MASS
    WASTING
    Mass Wasting- Mass wasting is the movement of
    rock fragments downslope under the influence of
    gravity.

    MASS Soil creep- It is the slow movement of material


    WASTING downslope.

    Landslides- A rapid movement of large masses


    of rock or soil and moves downslope.
    EVIDENCE OF
    SOIL CREEP
    Evidence:
     Bent Fence
     Leaning lamppost
     Leaning tree
     Leaning Wall
    CONDITIONS LANDSLIDES TAKE
    PLACE IN
    Conditions:
     A steep slope
     When the base of the slope is undercut
     When there is no support for the rock or the soil and it moves downslope.
     Soil becomes saturated with heavy water during rainfall.
     Loose soil or unconsolidated rock.
     When there is a thin layer of clay between the rock.
    HOW ARE LANDSLIDES CAUSED

     Removing trees- tree roots hold together the soil. When trees are removed the
    soil becomes loose and can slide easily downslope.

     Building on Steep Slopes- Slopes are not strong enough to withstand the weights
    of heavy buildings. As result they can slide downslope.

     Road Construction- When roads are cut into a hillside the slope angle is
    increased. As a result landslides can happen.
    EFFECTS OF LANDSLIDES
    Structural
    Damage

    Crop
    Loss of Life Landslides Destruction

    Habitat
    Destruction
    LIMESTONE & KARST
    FEATURES
    WHAT IS LIMESTONE

     Limestone are rocks mainly composed of calcium carbonate, a mineral with a


    chemical formula of CaCO3.There is white limestone, coral limestone and yellow
    limestone. There are many different types of limestone:
     Some limestones are mainly made up of coral.
     Others composed mainly of shells.
     Most Bahamian limestone are oolites.
     Most limestone consists of pure calcium.
     Some contains high proportions of mud giving it a yellow/brownish color.
    CHARACTERISTICS OF
    LIMESTONE
     It is a sedimentary rock
     Limestone is mainly composed of calcium carbonate
     Limestone are weathered by a process called carbonation
     Limestone rocks are permeable
     Limestone rocks are not soluble
     Limestone rocks contains, joints fissures and pores.
    KARST FEATURES
     Surface features that form on limestone rock are:
     Sinkholes
     Swallow holes
     Cockpit karsts
     Dolines
     Dry valley

     Underground Features:
     Caves
     Stalagmites & Stalactites, Pillars
     Underground Rivers/ Streams
    SINKHOLES

     A sinkhole is a funnel shaped depression


    formed on a limestone landscape.
     Causes:
     Heavy loads on the surface
     Disturbance of the soil
     Concentration of water flow
     Water impoundments
    SWALLOW HOLES

     A sinkhole can develop into a swallow hole.


    This is a larger depression. These holes
    allow rivers to pass underground.
     Formation:
     Sinkholes and Swallow holes develop as
    water penetrates the poures and fissures of
    the limestone. The fissures are enlarged by
    the process of solution.
    LIMESTONE PAVEMENT

     A limestone is a surface with bare limestone rock with no soil.


     Formation of limestone:
     When rain-falls on limestone the joints and cracks become
    eroded
     Small grooves develop leaving ridges in-between.
     The ridges are called clints and the eroded areas are called
    grykes.
     All limestone in the Caribbean are pitted and grooved by this
    process.
     The carbonation process is the weathering process that operates
    to form a limestone pavement. Solution is also involved.
    COCKPIT KARST

     Cockpit Karst are made up of small Criss Cross pattern


    of joints which dissolve to form depressions and
    Conical hills.
     Formation:
     The limestone has a cress cross pattern of joints
     The rock nearest to the joint dissolves the fastest,
    because this is where water collects.
     A deep star shaped depression is formed where the two
    joints meet.
     Small conical hills remain away from the joints. Where
    jointing is regular the hills arrange in rows.
    DOLINE

     A doline is formed when several swallow


    holes combine. This is a funnel shaped
    depression. Size 10 to 100m in diameter.
     There are (2) types of doline:
     Solution Doline
     Collapse Doline
    CAVES & CAVERNS

     A cave is a natural underground hollow in the rock usually


    large enough for humans to enter.
     A cavern is a large extensive cave with a deep chamber of
    several passages.
     Formation:
    1. The process of carbonation dissolves the limestone along the
    joints and the bedding planes of the rock.
    2. This causes the formation of a tunnel
    3. Further the solution of the rock leads to the formation of a
    cave
    4. This process happens below the water table. The water table
    sinks as the rocks are dissolved forming caves.
    Formation of Stalactites and Stalagmites

     Stalactites:
     Carbonated water filters through the joints and rock of the limestone rock.
     Drop after drop it slowly trickles through the rocks of the roofs of the cave
     As each drop hangs from the ceiling it looses carbon dioxide by evaporation and
    a thin layer of calcite is deposited
     Stalagmites:
     In the same process some of the carbonated water from the hanging stalagmites
    drips through the floor to the hollow centered of the stalagmites.
     Some of it evaporates, leaving deposits spread on the floor.
     As the water continues to drip to the floor, calcite deposits gradually build
    upwards in a short fat columns
     These are stalagmites
    CORAL
    REEFS
    CORALS & CORAL REEFS

    There are 3 types of


    Corals: Coral Reefs:
    coral reefs:
    • They are tiny marine • Coral reefs are an • Fringing Reef
    animal organisms offshore ridge made • Barrier Reef
    called polyps. out of calcium • Atolls
    • They grow in clean carbonate which has
    shallow water no been formed by
    more than 45m deep. secretion of the
    polyps.
    FORMATION OF
    CORAL REEFS
     Coral Reefs are formed when the coral
    polyps use the calcium carbonate in the
    seawater to build a casing around
    themselves. Corals have amazing colors
    because of a plant that lives in the coral
    tissue called zooxanthellae.
    FRINGING
    REEFS
     This reef develops close to the shore
    and is separated by a shallow
    lagoon.
     Size- 0.5km to 2.5km wide
     E.g. Bucco Reef
    BARRIER
    REEF
     A barrier reef is a reef lying parallel
    to the coast but separated by a wide
    and deep lagoon.
     Lagoons Vary from 1.5km to 2km.
     E.g. The Great Barrier Reef in
    Australia.
    ATOLLS

     An atoll is a circular ring or horse shaped reef, often


    surrounding an island or several islands and
    enclosing a lagoon.
     Formation:
     Atolls develop at or near the surface of the sea. They
    are built around the rims of sunken volcanic corner
    or flat topped , with circular mountains rising from
    the sea floor which are called guyots.
     The atoll comprises of outer or seaward reef and an
    inner lagoon section.
    MAP WORK
    COMPASS DIRECTION

     A compass is an instrument which is used to


    measure direction. It points northwards on a
    flat surface. The compass has 360 degrees
    and is divided into 4 equal parts; north,
    south, east, west.
    EIGHT & SIXTEEN POINT COMPASS
    ANGULAR BEARING

     Angular bearing gives the precise direction of any particular point from another
    and is expressed in degrees.
     How to Calculate Angular Bearing:
     Find the bearing from Y to X.
     Connect point X to Y.
     Draw a North and South line through Y.
     Place the protractor with the angle aligned at 0 degrees and read clockwise.
     State the angular bearing.
    LINES OF LATITUDE &
    LONGITUDE
     Lines of Longitude:
     Determines a position of a place
     Any place on a meridian has the same line of longitude
     Longitudes are lines of median passing through poles. Each line of longitude is a
    semi-circle.
     Lines of Latitude:
     They run east to west but measure your distance north to south.
    LINES OF LATITUDE
    LINES OF LONGITUDE
    THE ROCK CYCLE
    THE ROCK CYCLE
    THANK
    YOU

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