Nokia Academy RA4120-60A: Lte Rpess LTE FDD Air Interface

RA4120-60A
Nokia Academy
LTE RPESS
LTE FDD Air Interface
RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

Index
 LTE/EPC Overview
 LTE Air Interface
 Air Interface Overheads
 RRM overview
 LTE Link Budget
 Radio Planning – Coverage Planning Cell Range
 Radio Planning – Capacity
 LTE Performance Simulations
 Nokia LTE Solution
 Initial Parameters Planning
5 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

Module Objectives
•After completing this module, the participant will be able to:

• Describe the basics of the OFDM transmission technology
• Explain how the OFDM technology avoids the Inter Symbol Interference
• Recognise the different between OFDM & OFDMA
• Identify the OFDM weaknesses
• Review the key OFDM parameters
• Analyze the reasons for SC-FDMA selection in UL
• Describe the LTE Air Interface Physical Layer
• Explain LTE Cell acquisition and call set up
• Identify LTE Measurements
• List the frequency allocation alternatives for LTE
• Identify the main voice solutions for LTE

Module Contents
• OFDM Basics
• OFDM & Multipath Propagation: The Cyclic Prefix
• OFDM versus OFDMA
• OFDM Weaknesses
• SC-FDMA
• LTE Air Interface Physical Layer
• LTE Cell acquisition and call set up
• LTE Measurements
• Frequency Variants
• VoIP in LTE

Module Contents
• OFDM Basics
• OFDM Weaknesses
• SC-FDMA
• VoIP in LTE

The Rectangular Pulse
Fourier
Transform
spectral power density

Frequency Domain
Time Domain
amplitude
1
fs 
Ts Ts
fs

time
Inverse
Fourier frequency f/fs
Advantages: Transform
+ Simple to implement: there is no complex
filter system required to detect such pulses Disadvantage:
and to generate them. - it allocates a quite huge spectrum. However
+ The pulse has a clearly defined duration. the spectral power density has null points
This is a major advantage in case of multi- exactly at multiples of the frequency fs = 1/Ts.
path propagation environments as it simplifies This will be important in OFDM.
handling of inter-symbol interference.

OFDM Basics
• Transmits hundreds or even thousands of separately modulated radio
signals using orthogonal subcarriers spread across a wideband channel
Total transmission bandwidth

15 kHz in LTE: fixed Orthogonality:
The peak ( centre

frequency) of one
subcarrier …
…intercepts the
‘nulls’ of the
neighbouring
subcarriers

OFDM Basics
- Data is sent in parallel across the set of subcarriers, each subcarrier only transports a part of the
whole transmission
- The throughput is the sum of the data rates of each individual (or used) subcarriers while the power is
distributed to all used subcarriers
- FFT ( Fast Fourier Transform) is used to create the orthogonal subcarriers. The number of subcarriers
is determined by the FFT size ( by the bandwidth)
Power bandwidth
frequency
OFDMA Parameters in LTE
- Channel bandwidth: DL bandwidths ranging from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz
- Data subcarriers: the number of data subcarriers varies with the bandwidth
• 72 for 1.4 MHz to 1200 for 20 MHz

Multiple Access Methods User 1 User 2 User 3 User ..
TDMA FDMA CDMA OFDMA

• Time Division • Frequency Division • Code Division • Frequency Division
• Orthogonal subcarriers
f f f f
es
d
t t co t t
f f f f
OFDM is the state-of-the-art and most efficient and robust air interface

Module Contents
• OFDM Basics
• OFDM Weaknesses
• SC-FDMA
• VoIP in LTE

Propagation delay exceeding the Guard Period
2
1
3
Time Domain 4
TSYMB Tg
Delay spread > Tg 1 OL
 ISI
time
2
time
Tg: Guard period duration
ISI: Inter-Symbol Interference
3
time
4
time
The Cyclic Prefix OFDM symbol
• In all major implementations of the OFDMA

technology (LTE, WiMAX) the Guard Period is
equivalent to the Cyclic Prefix CP. OFDM symbol
• This technique consists in copying the last part of

a symbol shape for a duration of guard-time and
attaching it in front of the symbol (refer to picture
sequence on the right).
• CP needs to be longer than the channel multipath OFDM symbol
delay spread (refer to previous slide).
• A receiver typically uses the high correlation
between the CP and the last part of the following
symbol to locate the start of the symbol and begin OFDM symbol
then with decoding.
Cyclic Part of symbol used for

prefix FFT processing in the
receiver
The OFDM Signal

Module Contents
• OFDM Basics
• OFDM Weaknesses
• SC-FDMA
• VoIP in LTE

OFDM
• OFDM stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division Plain OFDM
Multicarrier time
• OFDM: Plain or Normal OFDM has no built-in multiple-
access mechanism. ...
...
• This is suitable for broadcast systems like DVB-T/H which ...
subcarrier
transmit only broadcast and multicast signals and do not ...
really need an uplink feedback channel (although such . . . . .
systems exist too). . . . . .
...
• Now we have to analyze how to handle access of multiple . . . . . ...
users simultaneously to the system, each one using ...
OFDM. ...
...
1 UE 1 2 UE 2 3 UE 3 common info
(may be addressed via
Higher Layers)
OFDMA®
Orthogonal Frequency
OFDMA® stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access
Multiple Access OFDMA®
time
• registered trademark by Runcom Ltd.
• The basic idea is to assign subcarriers to users based on their ...
1 1 1 2 2 ...
bit rate services. With this approach it is quite easy to handle 1 1 1 2 2 ...
subcarrier
high and low bit rate users simultaneously in a single system. 1 1 1 2 2 ...
• But still it is difficult to run highly variable traffic efficiently. . . . . .
• The solution to this problem is to assign to a single users so 1. 1. 1. . . ...
called resource blocks or scheduling blocks. 1. 1. 1. . . ...
• such block is simply a set of some subcarriers over some 3 3 3 3 3 ...
time. 3 3 3 3 3 ...
3 3 3 3 3 ...
• A single user can then use 1 or more Resource Blocks.
1 UE 1 2 UE 2 3 UE 3 common info
(may be addressed via Resource Block (RB)
Higher Layers)
Module Contents
• OFDM Basics
• OFDM Weaknesses
• SC-FDMA
• VoIP in LTE

Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI) in OFDM
• The price for the optimum subcarrier spacing is the sensitivity of OFDM to frequency errors.
• If the receiver’s frequency slips some fractions from the subcarriers center frequencies,
then we encounter not only interference between adjacent carriers, but in principle between
all carriers.
• This is known as Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI) and sometimes also referred to as Leakage
Effect in the theory of discrete Fourier transform.
• One possible cause that introduces frequency errors is a fast moving Transmitter or
Receiver (Doppler effect).

Leakage effect due to Frequency Drift: ICI
Two effects begin to work:
ICI = Inter-Carrier Interference

1. -Subcarrier 2 has no longer its power
density maximum here - so we
loose some signal energy. ∆P
2.-The rest of subcarriers (0, 1, 3 and 4)
have no longer a null point here. So
we get some noise from the other
subcarrier.
I3
I1
I4
I0
f0 f1 f2 f3 f4

Module Contents
• OFDM Basics
• OFDM Weaknesses
• SC-FDMA
• VoIP in LTE

Peak-to-Average Power Ratio in OFDMA
•The transmitted power is the sum of the

powers of all the subcarriers
- Due to large number of subcarriers,

the peak to average power ratio
(PAPR) tends to have a large range
- The higher the peaks, the greater the
range of power levels over which the
transmitter is required to work.
- Not best suited for use with mobile
(battery-powered) devices

SC-FDMA in UL
- Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access:
Transmission technique used for Uplink
• Variant of OFDM that reduces the PAPR:
• Combines the PAR of single-carrier system with the
multipath resistance and flexible subcarrier frequency
allocation offered by OFDM.
OFDMA
SC-FDMA
• It can reduce the PAPR between 6…9dB compared to
OFDMA
• TS36.201 and TS36.211 provide the mathematical
description of the time domain representation of an SC-
FDMA symbol.
- Reduced PAPR means lower RF hardware requirements
(power amplifier)

SC-FDMA and OFDMA Comparison (2/2)

Module Contents
• OFDM Basics
• OFDM Weaknesses
• SC-FDMA
• VoIP in LTE

LTE Physical Layer - Introduction
• It provides the basic bit transmission functionality over air
• LTE physical layer based on OFDMA DL & SC-FDMA in UL
– This is the same for both FDD & TDD mode of operation
• There is no macro-diversity in use
• System is reuse 1, single frequency network operation is feasible
– no frequency planning required
• There are no dedicated physical channels anymore, as all resource mapping is dynamically driven by the
scheduler
FDD Frequency band 1

..
.. Frequency band 2
.. ..
TDD Single frequency band

.. ..
Downlink Uplink

LTE Physical Layer Structure – Frame Structure (FDD)
• FDD Frame structure ( also called Type 1 Frame) is common to both UL & DL
• Divided into 20 x 0.5ms slots
– Structure has been designed to facilitate short round trip time
- Frame length = 10 ms
0.5 ms slot - FDD: 10 sub-frames of 1 ms for UL &
sy sy sy sy sy sy sy
DL
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 1 Frame = 20 slots of 0.5ms each
10 ms frame
- 1 slot = 7 (normal CP) or 6 OFDM
s s s s s s s s ….. s18 s19 symbols (extended CP)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.5 ms slot
SF: SubFrame
SF0 SF1 SF2 SF3 ….. SF9
s: slot
Sy: symbol
1 ms sub-frame
• In FDD, there is a time offset between uplink and downlink transmission.

Subframe structure & CP length
• Subframe length: 1 ms for all bandwidths

• Slot length is 0.5 ms
– 1 Subframe= 2 slots
• Slot carries 7 symbols with normal CP or 6 symbols with long CP
– CP length depends on the symbol position within the slot:
▪ Normal CP: symbol 0 in each slot has CP = 160 x Ts = 5.21μs; remaining symbols CP= 144 x
Ts = 4.7μs
▪ Extended CP: CP length for all symbols in the slot is 512 x Ts = 16.67µs
Ts:
Short cyclic prefix:  ‘sampling time’ of the overall channel
5.21 s  basic Time Unit
 = 32.5 nsec
Long cyclic prefix: 1 sec
Ts =
16.67 s Subcarrier spacing X max FFT size
= Data
= Cyclic prefix Copy

OFDMA Parameters in LTE
- Frame duration: 10ms created from slots and subframes.

- Subframe duration (TTI): 1 ms ( composed of two 0.5ms slots)
- Subcarrier spacing: Fixed to 15kHz ( 7.5 kHz defined for MBMS)
- Sampling Rate: Varies with the bandwidth but always factor or multiple of
3.84 to ensure compatibility with CDMA by using common
clocking
1.4MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
Frame Duration 10 ms
Subcarrier Spacing 15 kHz
Sampling Rate ( MHz) 1.92 3.84 7.68 15.36 23.04 30.72
Data Subcarriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200
Symbols/slot Normal CP=7, extended CP=6
CP length Normal CP=4.69/5.12 μs, extended CP= 16.67μs.

Resource Block and Resource Element
• Physical Resource Block PBR or Resource Block RB:

– 12 subcarriers in frequency domain x 1 slot period in time domain
– Capacity allocation based on Resource Blocks
Subcarrier 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Channel bandwidth 1.4 3 5 10 15 20

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 (MHz)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of 72 180 300 600 900 1200
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
B
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 subcarriers
KHz
R
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
180
Number of resource 6 15 25 50 75 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 blocks
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Resource Element RE:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 – 1 subcarrier x 1 symbol period
Subcarrier 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 – theoretical min. capacity allocation unit
1 slot 1 slot – 1 RE is the equivalent of 1 modulation symbol
on a subcarrier, i.e. 2 bits (QPSK), 4 bits
1 ms subframe
(16QAM), 6 bits (64QAM).

Physical Resource Blocks
12 subcarriers
• In both the DL & UL direction, data is
.. ..
allocated to users in terms of
Frequency resource blocks (RBs).
Resource 1 ms subframe • a RB consists of 12 consecutive
block or TTI subcarriers in the frequency domain,
reserved for the duration of 0.5 ms
0.5 ms slot slot.
Time • The smallest resource unit a
During each TTI, scheduler can assign to a user is a
resource blocks for scheduling block which consists of
different UEs are two consecutive resource blocks
scheduled in the
eNodeB

Cell-Specific Reference Signals Mapping
R0 R0
– For Channel estimation

One antenna port
R0 R0
R0 R0
– Measurements (e.g. RSRP)
R0
l 0
R0
l 6 l 0 l 6
– Synchronisation in frequency & time
– Cell Id (Physical Layer Cell Identity)
Resource element (k,l)
R0 R0 R1 R1
Two antenna ports
R0 R0 R1 R1
Not used for transmission on this antenna port
For more detailed information
R0 R0 R1 R1
according to UE specific
Reference symbols on this antenna port
Reference Signals and their
R0
l0
R0
l 6 l 0 l6 l 0
R1
l 6 l 0
R1
l 6
position see: TS 36.211; 6.10.
RSRP: Reference Signal Received Power
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
Four antenna ports
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
l0 l 6 l 0 l6 l0 l6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l6 l 0 l6 l0 l 6 l 0 l6
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 0 Antenna port 1 Antenna port 2 Antenna port 3

OTDOA
The UE measures OTDOA of each
neighbor it detects relative to the serving
cell
Location server knows:
• location of each cell’s transmit antenna
• relative transmit frame timing of each
T3 T2 cell
Cell 2
Cell 3 T1
E-SMLC/SLP
Measurement
Report:
iGMLC
T1-T2; Cell ID of Serving
cell2 eNB
T1-T3; Cell ID of
cell3 OTD = Observed Time Difference
• PRS (Positioning Reference Signals) PCI = Physical Cell ID
• With the PRS from different

eNBs the UE determines
the 3 unknowns
(x, y and absolute time) *)
• Computation of UE position from RSTD measurements is done by E-SMLC
• Prerequisite : Cells transmitting PRS must have a synchronous air interface

OTDOA
- PRS seen by UE
Positioning
Subframe of
Cell#1 P2 P1
1 re s o u rc be lo c k(1 2 s u b carriers
P1
Positioning
)
C1 P1 C1 C1 P2 P1 C1
C1 P1 C1 C1 P1 C1
C2 P2 C2 C2 P2 C2 subframes
P1 P1
P1 P1 as seen by
C1 C1 P1 C1 C1 P1 C1 C1 P2 P1 C1 C1 P2 P1 the UE
P1 C2 C2 P2 C2 P1 C2 P2
P1 P2 P1
C1 P1 C1 C1 P1 C1 C1 P1 C1 C1 P2 P1 C1
C2 P2 C2 C2 P2 C2
P1 P1 P1 P1
C1 C1 P1 C1 C1 P1 C1 C1 P2 P1 C1 C1 P2 P1
P1 P1
C2 C2 P2 C2 C2 P2
1 subframe (1 ms)
P2
No CRS/PRS overlap; not
P2
C2 P2 C2 C2 P2 C2 Positioning interfere with each other

Subframe of No interference from data
Cell#2
P2 P2
CRS pattern reuse: 3
C2 C2 P2 C2 C2 P2
P2
PRS pattern reuse: 6
P2
C2 P2 C2 C2 P2 C2
Data resource elements (PDSCH), left empty

P2 P2
C2 C2 P2 C2 C2 P2
Control resource elements (PDCCH, PCFICH, PHICH)
C Cell-specific reference signals (CRS), 2 Tx antennae
All cells transmit periodic Positioning P Positioning reference signals (PRS)

Subframes simultaneously

DL Physical Channels
There are no dedicated channels in LTE, neither UL nor DL.

• PDSCH: Physical Downlink Shared Channel
• carries user data, L3 signaling, System Information Blocks & Paging
• PBCH: Physical Broadcast Channel
• for Master Information Block only
• PMCH: Physical Multicast Channel
• for multicast traffic as MBMS services
• PCFICH: Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
• indicates number of OFDM symbols for Control Channels = 1..4
• PDCCH: Physical Downlink Control Channel
• carries resource assignment messages for DL capacity allocations & scheduling grants for UL
allocations
• PHICH: Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel
• carries ARQ Ack/Nack messages from eNB to UE in respond to UL transmission

UL Physical Channels
• PUSCH: Physical Uplink Shared Channel

• Transmission of user data, L3 & L1 signaling (L1 signaling: CQI, ACK/NACKs, etc.)
• PUCCH: Physical Uplink Control Channel

• Carries L1 control information in case that no user data are scheduled in this subframe (e.g. H-ARQ
ACK/NACK indications, UL scheduling request, CQIs & MIMO feedback).
• These control data are multiplexed together with user data on PUSCH, if user data are scheduled in
the subframe
• PRACH: Physical Random Access Channel

• For Random Access attempts; SIBs indicates the PRACH configuration (duration; frequency;
repetition; number of preambles - max. 64)

• The Demodulation Reference Signal
UL Physical Resource Block: DRS & SRS is transmitted in the third SC-FDMA
symbol (counting from zero) in all
resource blocks allocated to the
PUSCH carrying the user data.
12 subcarriers
• This signal is needed for channel
.. .. estimation, which in turn is essential
Note: when the for coherent demodulation of the UL
subframe contains Frequency signal in the eNodeB.
the PUCCH, the
Demodulation 1 ms subframe
Reference Signal is or TTI • The Sounding Reference Signal SRS
embedded in a provides UL channel quality
different way information as a basis for scheduling
0.5 ms slot decisions in the base station. This
signal is distributed in the last SC-
Time FDMA symbol of subframes that
Demodulation
Sounding Reference carry neither PUSCH nor PUCCH
Reference Signal in
Signal on last OFDM data. [SRS is always disabled in
subframes that carry
symbol of 1 subframe; FDD RL20 and before.]
PUSCH
Periodic or aperiodic
transmission
• SRS can be used to implement beamforming in TDD. PUCCH: Physical UL Control Channel

Modulation Schemes
• 3GPP standard defines the following options: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM in
Physical Modulation
both directions (UL & DL) channel
– UL 64QAM not supported in RL10
PDSCH QPSK, 16QAM,
• Not every physical channel is allowed to use any modulation scheme: 64QAM
• Scheduler decides which form to use depending on carrier quality
feedback information from the UE PMCH QPSK, 16QAM,
64QAM
64QAM:
16QAM: 6 bits/symbol PBCH QPSK
QPSK:
4 bits/symbol PDCCH, QPSK
2 bits/symbol PCFICH
64QAM
b0 b1b2b3 b4 b5 PHICH BPSK
QPSK 16QAM Im
b0 b1 b0 b1b2b3 PUSCH QPSK, 16QAM,
Im Im 64QAM
01 11 1111
PUCCH BPSK and/or

Re
00 10Re Re QPSK
0000

Module Contents
• OFDM Basics
• OFDM Weaknesses
• SC-FDMA

Cell Search (1/2) Remember?
What are all the steps and the
physical channels involved ?
1. PSS Primary Synchronisation Signal

(Time-slot & Frequency synchronisation
+ Physical cell id (0,1,2) )
2. SSS Secondary Synchronisation Signal

(Frame synchronisation
+ Physical Cell id group (1..168) )
3. DL Reference Signals
(Channel estimation & measurements
UE
eNodeB 4. PBCH – Physical Broadcast Channel
(MIB – DL system bandwidth, PHICH configuration)
MIB = Master Information Block
PHICH = Physical HARQ Indicator Channel

Cell Search
• Challenge:
 The PBCH contains only the MIB (Master Information Block) → the SIBs (System Information
Blocks) are on the PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel)!
 need to read SIBs on PDSCH
 Problem: The UE should read PDSCH but it doesn't know which resource blocks are reserved for
it and where are they placed (in time & frequency)
• Solution:
 PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel) indicates the size of PDCCH (Physical
Downlink Control Channel)
 the PDCCH is indicating which resource blocks are scheduled and where are located

Cell Search (2/2)
5. PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel

(How many OFDM symbols (1,2,3) in the
beginning of the sub-frame are for PDCCH)
6. PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel

(Resource allocation for PDSCH )
7. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

(SIBs: Cell global ID, parameters for cell selection UE
/ reselection, … )
eNodeB
→ CELL SELECTION & RESELECTION

SIB: System Information Block

What are the Next Steps?
 The UE has selected one cell → “camping on the cell” procedure
 The “camping on the cell” procedure will be explained later

•
 The UE can start the initial access
I have found one suitable

cell. What is next?
UE eNodeB

Random Access (1/2)
8. PRACH preamble (A)
(A –1st random preamble*)
.
.
.
8. PRACH preamble (C)
(C –3rd random preamble)
UE
eNodeB
Challenge:
Several UEs may send the same preamble. How to solve the
collision ?
Solution:
→ contention resolution
* 64 Random Access Preamble Signatures available per Cell

Random Access (2/2)
response to RACH Preamble on PDSCH
9. PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel

(How many OFDM symbols (1,2,3) in the
beginning of the sub-frame are for PDCCH)
(Resource allocation for PDSCH)

(Random Access response: ID of the received UE
preamble, C-RNTI)
eNodeB
C-RNTI: Cell Radio Network Temporary Identity

Contention Resolution for the Initial Access
several UE with same
RACH Preamble Signature
 getting same UL grant 8. PRACH Preamble
 collision with RRC
Connection Request

(Random Access response: ID of received preamble,
UL resources for TX*, C-RNTI)
12. PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel

(RRC: RRC Connection Request, *C-RNTI,
TMSI or random number) UE
eNodeB 13. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
(Contention Resolution, C-RNTI & TMSI or All other UEs not receiving correct
TMSI = Temporary Mobile Subscriber random number) answer (TMSI)
Identity * UL grant  PUSCH resources  restart Random Access (8)

What are the Next Steps?
 The random access procedure is successfully finished

 Next steps:
- RRC Connection Establishment
- Registration
- UE-CN signaling (Attach)
eNodeB
 Higher layer signaling -> not shown here
Now I am connected so I can

download the web page from the
Internet. www.nokia.com
UE

DL Transmission
1. DL Reference signals  Channel Estimate / CQI
2. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or PUSCH) Note:

(CQI based on DL reference signals measurements) CQI along with
3. PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel data 
PUSCH
(How many symbols (1,2,3) in the beginning of
the sub-frame are for PDCCH)
(DL assignment for PDSCH: Modulation & coding,
resource blocks*)
5. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel UE
(user data  initial transmission)
eNodeB
6. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or PUSCH)
CQI = Channel Quality Indicator (ACK/ NACK for HARQ)
ACK = Acknowledgment
NACK = Negative ACK 7. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
HARQ = Hybrid Automatic
Repeat Request (user data → eventual re-transmission)
* Physical Resource Allocation
UL Transmission
1. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or PUSCH)
(UL scheduling request*)
2. UL Sounding Reference Signal SRS
(used by Node-B for channel dependent scheduling)
3. UL Demodulation Reference Signal

(UL channel estimation, demodulation → like DPCCH in UMTS)
(UL grant – capacity allocation)
(user data → initial transmission)
UE
eNodeB 6. PHlCH Physical HARQ Indicator Channel
DPCCH = Dedicate Physical

(ACK/ NACK for HARQ)
Control Channel
ACK = Acknowledgment
NACK = Negative ACK (user data → eventual re-transmission)
HARQ = Hybrid Automatic Repeat
Request * scheduling request only needed for applications with QoS like best effort

Module Contents
• OFDM Basics
• OFDM Weaknesses
• SC-FDMA
• VoIP in LTE

LTE Measurements
•Physical layer measurements have not been extensively discussed in the LTE standardization. They could
change.
Intra LTE measurements ( from LTE to LTE)
- UE measurements
• CQI measurements
• Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)
• Reference Signal Received Quality ( RSRQ)
- eNB measurements
• Non standardized (vendor specific): TA, Average RSSI, Average SINR, UL CSI, detected PRACH
preambles, transport channel BLER
• Standardized: DL RS Tx Power, Received Interference Power, Thermal Noise Power
•Measurements from LTE to other systems
- UE measurements are mainly intended for Handover.
• UTRA FDD: CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/No and carrier RSSI
• GSM: GSM carrier RSSI
• UTRA TDD: carrier RSSI, RSCP, P-CCPCH
• CDMA2000: 1xRTT Pilot Strength, HRPD Pilot Strength
CSI: Channel State Information (received power per PRB)
TA: Timing Advance
UE Measurements: RSRP & RSRQ
•RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power)
- Average of power levels (in [W]) received across all Reference Signal symbols within the considered
measurement frequency bandwidth.
- UE only takes measurements from the cell-specific Reference Signal elements of the serving cell
- If receiver diversity is in use by the UE, the reported value shall be equivalent to the linear average of
the power values of all diversity branches
- Reporting range -44…-133 dBm
RSRQ ( Reference Signal Received Quality)

- Defined as the ratio N×RSRP/(E-UTRA carrier RSSI), where N is the number of RBs of the E-UTRA
carrier RSSI measurement bandwidth. The measurements in the numerator and denominator shall be
made over the same set of resource blocks
- Reporting range -3…-19.5dB
E-UTRA Carrier Received Signal Strength Indicator, comprises the total received wideband power observed by the UE
from all RS symbols for antenna port 0, including co-channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference,
thermal noise etc.

eNodeB Measurements
•DL Reference Signal Transmitted Power
- Average of power levels (in [W]) transmitted across all Reference Signal symbols within the considered
measurement frequency bandwidth
- Reference point for the DL RS TX power measurement: TX antenna connector
- The DL RS TX power signaled to the UE is not measured, it is just an eNB internal setting
•Received Interference Power:
- Received interference power, including thermal noise, within one PRBs bandwidth
•Thermal noise power: No x W
- Thermal noise power within the UL system bandwidth (consisting of variable # of resource blocks)
• ‘No’: white noise power spectral density on the uplink carrier frequency and ‘W’: denotes the UL
system bandwidth.
- Optionally reported with the Received Interference Power
- Reference point: RX antenna connector
- In case of receiver diversity, the reported value is the average of the power in the diversity branches
Thermal noise power and Received Interference Power are measured for the same period of time.
Module Contents
• OFDM Basics
• OFDM Weaknesses
• SC-FDMA
• VoIP in LTE

LTE Frequency Variants in 3GPP – FDD
Band BW[MHz] Uplink [MHz] Downlink [MHz] Europe Japan Americas
1 2x60 1920-1980 2110-2170 UMTS core
2 2x60 1850-1910 1930-1990 US PCS
3 2x75 1710-1785 1805-1880 1800
4 2x45 1710-1755 2110-2155 US AWS
5 2x25 824-849 869-894 US 850
6 2x10 830-840 875-885 Japan 800
7 2x70 2500-2570 2620-2690 2600
8 2x35 880-915 925-960 900
9 2x35 1749.9-1784.9 1844.9-1879.9 Japan 1700
10 2x60 1710-1770 2110-2170 Extended AWS
11 2x25 1427.9-1452.9 1475.9-1500.9 Japan 1500
12 2x18 698-716 728-746 US700
13 2x10 777-787 746-756 US700
14 2x10 788-798 758-768 US700
17 2x12 704 – 716 734 – 746 US700
18 2x15 815 – 830 860 – 875 Japan 800
19 2x15 830 – 845 875 – 890 Japan 800
20 2x30 832 – 862 791 – 821 UHF (TV)
21 2x15 1447.9 – 1462.9 1495.9 – 1510.9
TS36.101
24 2x34 1626.5 – 1660.5 1525 – 1559

Module Contents
• OFDM Basics
• OFDM Weaknesses
• SC-FDMA
• VoIP in LTE

VoIP in LTE RL20
• Voice is still important in LTE

• CS voice call will not be possible in LTE since there is no CS core interface
• Voice with LTE terminals has a few different solutions
• The first voice solution in LTE can rely on Call Setup FallBack redirection where LTE terminal will be
moved to 2G/3G to make CS call
• The ultimate LTE voice solution will be VoIP + IMS
(RL20) LTE562: Call Setup FallBack (CSFB) (RL20) LTE10: EPS Bearers for Conversational Voice
IP Multimedia Subsystem, a set of specifications from 3GPP for delivering IP multimedia to mobile users
VoIP: supported in RL20

Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SR-VCC) RL40
• Options for voice call continuity when running out of LTE coverage
• 1) Handover from LTE VoIP to 3G CS voice
• Voice Handover from LTE VoIP to WCDMA CS voice is called SR-VCC
• No VoIP needed in 3G
• 2) Handover from LTE VoIP to 2G CS voice
• Voice Handover from LTE VoIP to GERAN CS voice is called SR-VCC
• No VoIP needed in 2G
2G CS voice 2G CS voice 2G CS voice Single Radio Voice Call

Continuity (SR-VCC)
LTE VoIP LTE VoIP
3G CS voice 3G CS voice 3G CS voice 3G CS voice

LTE872: SRVCC to WCDMA
CS Access and CS Bearer

Call Control SRVCC CS-MGW
2G/3G
enhanced MSS PSTN/
IU-CS / A
SRVCC Originating PLMN
UTRAN/ services &
UE
GERAN HLR MAP
Sv anchoring
H.248 Signaling
MAP
CS Bearer
SRVCC
LTE Access with NVS

MGCF IMS-MGW
VoIP Bearer
SCC ASCC
IMS Call Control HSS Cx ISC
MME
UE Other
S1-MME PCRF Rx Mw IMS Network
STa
Gx
S11 S6b
Gm
CSCF
S1-U SGi (VoIP Bearer)
UE
eNb Serving-GW PDN-GW
LTE
NVS – Nokia Mobile VoIP Server

SCC AS - Service Centralization and Continuity Application
Server

LTE872: SRVCC to WCDMA without PS HO
UE Source Source SGW MSC Target Target Target IMS
eNB MME PGW MGW MSC SGSN RNS SCC AS
Ongoing VoIP Session with IMS established over LTE
Measurement Report HO Required (S1)
Bearer
Splitting
PS to CS Request (Sv)
Prep HO Req
HO Request (Iu CS)
HO Ack (Iu CS)
Prep HO Rsp
Establish Circuit
HO from EUTRAN HO Command (S1) PS to CS Response (Sv) Initiation of Session Transfer (STN-SR)
Command
UE Tuning and HO Detection with new network Session Transfer
HO Complete (Iu CS) Update remote end,
SES [HO Complete] Release Source IMS
Answer Access leg
PS to CS Complete/ACK (Sv)
Delete Bearer [QCI1] (S11)
Routing Area Update
After handover completion, UE performs RAU to established the PS bearers (which could not be established together with the CS-handover) via the Iu-PS
LTE872: SRVCC to WCDMA with PS HO
UE Source Source SGW MSC Target Target Target IMS
eNB MME PGW MGW MSC SGSN RNS SCC AS
Ongoing VoIP Session with IMS established over LTE
Measurement Report HO Required (S1)
Bearer
Splitting
PS to CS Request (Sv)
Prep HO Req Reloc/HO Request (Iu CS)
Forward Relocation Request (Gn/S3)
Reloc/HO Request/ACK (Iu PS)
Forward Relocation Response (Gn/S3)
Prep HO Rsp Reloc/HO Ack (Iu CS)
Establish Circuit
HO from EUTRAN HO Command (S1) PS to CS Response (Sv) Initiation of Session Transfer (STN-SR)
Command
UE Tuning and HO Detection with new network
Session Transfer
SES [HO Complete] Reloc/HO Complete (Iu CS) Update remote end,
Answer Release Source IMS
PS to CS Complete/ACK (Sv)
Access leg
Delete Bearer [QCI1] (S11) Reloc/HO Complete (Iu PS)
Forward Relocation Complete/Ack (Gn/S3)
Update Bearer [NonGBR] (Gn/S4)
Release Resources (S1) Delete Session (S11)
After HO data ig going from SGSN to PGW and vice versa

VoIP connection is handed over to UTRAN CS while other PS bearers are simultaneously handed over to UTRAN PS
MSS: Mobile Softwitching solution
LTE Voice Evolution NVS: Nokia Solutions and Networks Voice Server
IMS: IP Multimedia Subsystem
IMS for enriched IP multimedia

LTE broadband for high speed data Fast-Track VoLTE
services
LTE LTE LTE

HSPA HSPA VoIP HSPA VoIP
I-HSPA EPC MSS I-HSPA I-HSPA NVS
NVS MSS IMS
2G/3G 2G/3G
EPC
EPC
Introduce NVS Evolution to IMS

VoIP solution VoIP solution
• Simple upgrade of MSS with NVS • IMS-centric service architecture

• Main focus on LTE data (VoIP) function • Rich Communication Services
• CS Fallback to 2G/3G CS access • Fully IMS compatible reuse of CS with full multimedia telephony
for voice infra-structure for LTE VoIP • Support for any access
• Re-use existing MSC Server capable handsets • SRVCC (HO LTE VoIP to 3G
system for voice • SRVCC (HO LTE VoIP to 3G CS) VoIP)

Nokia Academy RA4120-60A: Lte Rpess LTE FDD Air Interface

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Nokia Academy RA4120-60A: Lte Rpess LTE FDD Air Interface

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Nokia Academy RA4120-60A: Lte Rpess LTE FDD Air Interface

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

RA4120-60A

RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

5 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

•After completing this module, the participant will be able to:

6 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

7 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

8 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

spectral power density

9 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

Total transmission bandwidth

The peak ( centre

10 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

12 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

TDMA FDMA CDMA OFDMA

13 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

14 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

• In all major implementations of the OFDMA

• This technique consists in copying the last part of

Cyclic Part of symbol used for

17 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

18 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

21 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

22 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

Two effects begin to work:

ICI = Inter-Carrier Interference

23 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

24 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

•The transmitted power is the sum of the

- Due to large number of subcarriers,

25 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

26 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

27 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

28 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

FDD Frequency band 1

TDD Single frequency band

29 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

30 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

• Subframe length: 1 ms for all bandwidths

31 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

- Frame duration: 10ms created from slots and subframes.

32 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

• Physical Resource Block PBR or Resource Block RB:

Subcarrier 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Channel bandwidth 1.4 3 5 10 15 20

Number of resource 6 15 25 50 75 100

33 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

34 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

– For Channel estimation

Antenna port 0 Antenna port 1 Antenna port 2 Antenna port 3

35 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

• PRS (Positioning Reference Signals) PCI = Physical Cell ID

• With the PRS from different

36 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

C2 P2 C2 C2 P2 C2 Positioning interfere with each other

Data resource elements (PDSCH), left empty

All cells transmit periodic Positioning P Positioning reference signals (PRS)

37 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

There are no dedicated channels in LTE, neither UL nor DL.

38 RA41203EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

• PUSCH: Physical Uplink Shared Channel