Environmental Pollution and Control Measures

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ENVIRONMENTAL

POLLUTION AND
CONTROL MEASURES
GROUP FOUR
PRESENTATION
Members of group four
• NAME REG. NO.
1. LUKYAMUZI GONZAGA 2022-M313-21467
2. SSEBAGALA SAMUEL 2022-M313-21476
3. NAMUBIRU FLORAH 2022-M312-31481
4. NENSI CHRISTINA 2022-M312-21790
5. OTIM GADAFI 2022-M312-21789
6. WABUTWA PETER 2022-M313-21469
DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS
POLLUTION

• It is the introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes


instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical
systems or living organisms.

Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise.
Hence, pollution is the influence of any substance that disturbs, harm, or
makes organism uneasy.
NDEBBA KAMPALA CITY
What is taking place in Kampala we can
see how the environment has been
contaminated
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

• Environmental pollution can be defined as any unfavorable

change in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics

of any element, such as the air, water, or soil, can have a

negative impact on a variety of life forms or property.


Cont. ……
• “the combination of the physical and biological components of the
earth/atmosphere system to such an extent that normal
environment processes are adversely affected”

• Pollutant: any substance causing nuisance or harmful effects or


uneasiness to the organisms, then that particular substance may be
called as the pollutant.
TYPES OF POLLUTION IN OUR
COMMUNITIES

WATER POLLUTION

AIR POLLUTION

LAND POLLUTION

NOISE POLLUTION
WATER POLLUTION

• Water pollution is the contamination of water


sources by substances which make the water
unusable for drinking, cooking, cleaning,
swimming, and other activities. Pollutants
include chemicals, trash, bacteria, and
parasites.
WATER POLLUTION

SOME OF THE AREAS AFFECTED


BY WATER POLLUTION

NATEETE KAMPALA
Cont.….

• Water pollution is a major health issue, with more people dying from
unsafe water than from war and violence combined. We can actually
access less than 1% of the freshwater on the planet. By 2050, when the
world's demand for freshwater is anticipated to be one-third higher
than it is now, the problems are only going to get worse if nothing is
done (National Resource Development college Zambia, may 14th , 2018)
WATER POLLUTION CAN CAUSE
DEATH OF ORGANISMS
The effects are severe, water is able to
dissolve many substances.
These substances easily enter the human
body if the tainted water is consumed.
SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION

Industrial waste
Inorganic pollutants
Organic pollutants e.g.
Agricultural pollutants
Municipal waste water
(Kampala metropolitan)
INDUSTRIAL WASTE

• The major source of water pollution is the water discharged from


commercial entities and industries, including the chemical, food
processing, textile and paper sectors.

• In addition to organic pollutants, they also release some


inorganic ones that demonstrate to be very toxic to living things.
INDUSTRIAL WASTE AT
NAMANVE INDUSTRIAL AREA
INORGANIC POLLUTANTS

• They include various metals in the form of tiny particles, along with

chlorides, sulfates, iron oxides, cadmium oxide, acids, and alkalis.

• In organic pollutants comprise mainly of heavy metals, which are

toxic or poisonous even at low concentrations.


EXAMPLE OF INORGANIC
POLLUTANTS IN UGANDA
Organic pollutants
they include; oils, fats, organic acids, grease and several
other organic compounds
AGRICULTURAL WASTES

• Chemical fertilizers and pesticides have become essential for present day
high yielding crops

• Consequently, they have become a potential source of water pollution.


• These fertilizers contain major plant nutrients mainly; nitrogen,
phosphorous, and potassium.

• Excess fertilizers may reach the ground water by leaching or may be mixed
with surface water of rivers, lakes and ponds by runoff and drainage.
Pic. Showing how fertilizers mix with running
water hence causing water pollution (Lwera –
Lukaya)
MARINE POLLUTION

• Oceans are the final sink of all natural and manmade pollutants.
• Rivers discharge their pollutants into the sea .
• The sewage and garbage of costal cities are also dumped into the sea.
• The other sources include; discharges of oils, grease, detergents, and
radioactive wastes from ships.
Sample of marine pollution in
Uganda(lake Victoria, Mulungo)
THERMAL POLUTION

• Thermal pollution of water is caused by the rise in temperature of water.

The main source of thermal pollution are the thermal and nuclear power

plants. The power generating plants uses water as coolants and release

hot water into the original source. Sudden rise in temperature kills fish

and other aquatic animals.


Picture of Thermal Pollution
Effects of water pollution

• Water pollution can have devastating consequences, the following are the effects of
water pollution;

Water pollution drastically affects human health; in fact, it kills. A study revealed
that waterborne illnesses caused 1.8 million deaths world wide in 2015 alone (Lin,
Yang and Xu, 2022).

Toxic elements dissolve in water can make their way to humans through fish or
other aquatic organisms.
Control measures of water pollution
• Proper Disposal of Toxic Chemicals.
• Proper disposal of Fat and Grease Down the Drain
• Use of Phosphate-Free Detergent and Dish Cleaner
• Proper Disposal of Medical Waste Properly (recycling,
incinerators)
• Planting trees to control storm water pollution
Cont.….

• Support Environmental Charities


• Use of paper bags instead of plastic bags
• Use of inorganic fertilizers instead of organic
fertilizers.
• Plant Some Trees
Air Pollution Around Kampala

• Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or


biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to human or other
living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built
environment, into the atmosphere.

• A substance in the air that can harm human and the environment is
known as an air pollutant.
Air Pollution in Kampala city
Cont.…

• It is the contamination of air by harmful gases, dust and smoke

which affects plants, animals, and humans drastically .


Types of air pollutants

Primary pollutants:

• These are pollutants that that directly cause air pollution i.e. smoke from

industries, fumes vehicles.

Secondary pollutants:

• These are pollutants formed by intermingling and reaction of primary pollutants.


CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION

Carbon dioxide- this happens because of deforestation and fossil


fuel burning.

Sulfur dioxide- due to the burning of sulfur containing compounds


of fossil fuels.

Sulfur oxides very dangerous to human at a high concentration.


Sulfur in the atmosphere is responsible for acidic rain.
Consequences of air pollution

• CO2 in the atmosphere GLOBAL WARMING

• CO2 is acidic rain caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide

particles in the air, which can damage plants, water quality,

crops, and buildings.


REGULATIONS

• WHO guidelines aims to reduce ail pollution related death by 15% a year.

• Cap and trade is a system to limit emissions, with companies that exceed

their cap having to pay, while those that polluted less than their cap can

trade or sell their remaining pollution allowance.


REDUCTION

• People can reduce air pollution by taking public transportation,

recycling, and not smoking cigarettes.

• Filtering the harmful gases from factories.


Cont..
• Avoid burning of wastes
• Afforestation
• By using renewable energy resources like solar energy, wind
energy instead of using fossil fuels
• Raise awareness about air pollution and its harmful effects.
LAND POLLUTION
DEFINITION OF LAND POLLUTION

• Land pollution is defined as the presence of toxic chemicals

(pollutants or contaminants) in soil, in high concentrations

enough to pose a risk to human health and or the ecosystem


Cont.….

• Land pollution is the demolition of the earth’s land surfaces often caused

by human activities and their misuse of land resources. It occurs when

waste is not disposed properly.

• Urbanization and industrialization are the major causes of land pollution.


Causes of land pollution
(four main causes)

• Constructions

• Agriculture

• Domestic waste

• Industrial waste
CONSTRUCTION

• Buildings take up resources and land, the trees are chopped

down and used to make buildings (deforestation).

• Take away the place for animals and other organisms to live.
Pic. Showing construction
AGRICULTURE

• As there are more and people inhabiting the earth, food is in higher

demand and so forests are chopped down and turned into farm land.

• In addition, herbicides, pesticides, artificial fertilizers, are washed into

the soil and pollutes it.


Image
Examples of soil pollution

A farmer using pesticides


• Using pesticides and herbicides:
These kill insects and vegetation
which are very important in
providing nutrients to the soil
Animals on an overgrazed land

Animals on an overgrazed land


Overgrazing
ANIMALS ON AN
OVERGRAZED LAND
• This reduces the ability for plants
to grow and water to penetrate,
which harms soil microbes and
results in serious erosion of the
land
DOMESTIC WASTE

• Tons of domestic waste is dumped every day. Some waste from homes,
offices and industries can be recycled or burnt in incinerators.

• There is still a lot of garbage, such as refrigerators and washing


machines that are dumped in land fields simply because they cannot
be reused in away, or recycled.
Pic showing domestic waste in Masaka city
INDUSTRIAL WASTE

• Plastics factories, chemicals plants, oil refineries, nuclear waste

disposals activities, large animal farms, coal-fired power plants,

metal production factories and other large heavy industry all

contribute to land pollution.


NOISE POLLUTION
Noise pollution

• Noise pollution is excessive, displeasing human, animals, or machine-created


environmental noise that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life.

• Sound becomes undesirable when it disturbs the normal activities such as


working, sleeping, and during conversations.

• World health organization stated that “noise must be recognized as a major threat
to human well-being”
Sources of noise pollution

• Loud speakers, plumbing, boilers, generators, air conditioners, funs, and vacuum
add to the existing noise pollution.

• Industrial noise also add to the already unfavorable state of noise pollution.

• Transportation systems are the main source of noise pollution in urban areas.

• Construction of buildings, highways, and streets cause a lot of noise, due to the usage
of air compressors, bulldozers, loaders, dump trucks, and pavement breakers.
EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION
• It can cause memory loss, severe depression, and panic attacks.
• High blood pressure, stress related illness, sleep disruption, hearing loss, and
productivity loss are the problem related to noise pollution.

• Noise pollution can damage physiological and psychological health.


• According to the USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), there are
direct links between noise and health. Also, noise pollution adversely affects the lives
of millions of people.
SOLUTIONS FOR NOISE POLLUTION

• Social awareness programs should be taken up to educate the public about the causes
and effects of noise pollution.

• Workers should be provided with equipments such as earmuffs for hearing protection.

• Regular servicing and turning of automobiles can effectively reduce the noise pollution.

• Planting bushes and tress in the round sound generating sources is an effective solution
for noise pollution.
Cont.…

• Similar to automobiles, lubrication of the machinery and servicing should be done


to minimize noise generation.

• Sound proof doors and windows can be installed to block unwanted noise from
outside.

• Regulations should be imposed to restrict the usage of play loud speakers in


crowded areas and public places.

• Factories and industries should be re- located from the residential area.
WAYS TO STOP POLLUTION

• The residents of the country should also try and do their part and

put in at least one day of litter picking up.

We believe that it is the responsible thing to do to increase

recycling.
Methods used to teach students and
community about dangers of pollution
• Illustration such as mass teaching of people on big screens and projectors on
the damages caused by pollution in different parts of the world.

• Explanation:
This is done by telling people on all the possible dangers of all human activities
that pose a great threat to the air hence leading to disastrous moments of living
such as global warming, famine and many other likely dangers of air pollution.
Cont.….

• Use of brochures, adverts and other media related services such

as televisions & radio advertisements.

These would deliver a good message to a big number of people in

different geographical locations on the dangers of pollution.


Cont.…..

• I would use a field study method.


This is a learning activity carried out in the natural location or
context of the subject of study, rather than in a classroom,
laboratory or office. It would enable the students and community
members to physically observe the dangers of pollution.
A video to crown it all
Conclusion

• Pollution is a major environmental disaster that


affects the living organisms on land, air and
water. Due to its destructive effects, its therefore
appropriate for everyone to take part in the
control of all pollutants in the environment in
order to secure the future of the next
generation.
•THANK YOU

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