Chapter 6

Wirelees Metropolitan
Area Networks

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Learning Objectives
 To know about wireless metropolitan area networks
(WMANs)
 To know the architecture of WMANs
 To know IEEE 802.16 standards
 To know protocols of WMANS
 To know the wireless broadband networks
 To know the applications of WMANs

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Wireless Metropolitan Area
Networks (WMANs)
 Wireless Metropolitan area networks (WMANs) are large
computer networks connected by wireless technology,
usually spanning a city (upto 50 km)
 It is a promising Broadband Wireless Access (BWA)
technology providing high-speed, high bandwidth
efficiency and high-capacity multimedia services
 Residential and enterprise applications
 IEEE 802.16 standard, commonly known as WiMAX
(Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access)

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 WiMAX
 WiMAX Forum (formed in June 2001)
 Some members
 Airspan Networks, Alvarion, Aperto Networks, Ensemble
Communication, Fujitsu of America, Intel, Nokia, Proxim, and
Wi-LAN
 Description by forum
 A standards based technology enabling the delivery of last mile
wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and
digital subscriber line (DSL)

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 WiBro
 South Korean mobile WiMAX
 Stands for “Wireless Broadband”
 IEEE 802.16e-2005 standard
 Uses TDD (Time Division Duplex)
 Uses 8.75 MHz maximum channel bandwidth

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 IEEE 802.16
 Air interface between a subscriber's transceiver station
and a base transceiver station
 Goal - high-speed Internet access to home and
business subscribers, without wires.
 Three standards
 IEEE 802.16.1 - Air interface for 10 to 66 GHz,
 IEEE 802.16.2 - Coexistence of broadband wireless access
systems
 IEEE 802.16.3 – Air interface for licensed frequencies for 2 to
11 GHz

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 IEEE 802.16 Properties
 Broad bandwidth: Supports up to 134 Mbit/s in 28 MHz
channel (in 10-66 GHz air interface).
 Efficiently transports IPv4, IPv6, asynchronous transfer
mode (ATM), Ethernet, etc. (supports multiple services)
 MAC designed for efficient use of spectrum
comprehensive, modern, and extensible security.
 Point-to-multipoint topology (P2MP), with mesh
extensions.
 Supports for adaptive antennas and space-time coding.

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 IEEE 802.16 Specifications
 802.16a
 802.16c
 802.16-2004(d)
 802.16e
 802.16m (2009)

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 IEEE 802.16 Standards
Related to WiMax

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Advantages of IEEE 802.16
 Last Mile connectivity
 Roaming between networks
 Flexibility
 Scalability

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 IEEE 802.16 Vs. IEEE 802.11

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
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WMAN Network Architecture

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Components
 WiMAX Base Station
 provide coverage to a very large area up to a radius of 6 miles.
 Any wireless device within the coverage area would be able to
access the Internet.
 WiMAX Receiver
 also referred as customer premise equipment (CPE).
 Backhaul
 connection from the access point to the base station and base
station to the core network.

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 WiMAX Features

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 WiMAX Mobility Support
 IEEE 802.16e-2005 standard supports mobility
management
 Four mobility-related usage scenarios
1. Nomadic: fixed subscriber station with different point of
attachment
2. Portable: portable device
3. Simple mobility: subscriber moving at speeds up to 60 kmph
4. Full mobility: Up to 120 kmph mobility and seamless handoff

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 802.16 Protocol Stack

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Supported Band of Frequency
 10 - 66 GHz licensed band
 2 - 11 GHz licensed and licensed exempt

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 IEEE 802.16 Physical Layer

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Mechanisms of the Physical Layer
 Robust Error Control Mechanism
 Adaptive Modulation and Coding
 Space Time Block Codes (STBC)
 Adaptive Antenna System (AAS)

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
Modulation and Coding Schemes in
WiMAX

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
Adaptive Antenna System (AAS)

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 WiMAX Signal Transmission
Scenario using AAS

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 IEEE 802.16 Physical Layer
Features

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 MAC layer
 IEEE 802.16 MAC
 designed for P2MP broadband wireless access applications
 to provide an interface between the higher transport layers
and the physical layer
 describes a number of Convergence Sublayers
 describes how secure communications are delivered
 include power saving mechanisms

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 WiMAX Frame
 WiMAX Frame consists of two sub-frames
 uplink (UL) subframe
 downlink (DL) subframe

 Frame structure makes use of different power levels for

efficiency and robustness
“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 MAC PDU Format

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 MAC PDU Transmission

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 MAC Quality of Service (QoS)
IEEE 802.16 MAC layer defines five service classes

 Unsolicited Grant Service (UGS)

 Real-time Polling Service (rtPS)
 Extended Real-time Polling Service (ertPS)
 Non-real-time Polling Service (nrtPS)
 Best Effort (BE) service

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Scheduling
 Two types of scheduling
 Centralized - base station assigns capacity to the other stations
 Decentralized - stations exchange scheduling information with
their neighbors

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
MAC Layer Features of IEEE
802.16

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Broadband Wireless Networks
 Higher rate voice and data services
 Supporting technologies
 WLL (wireless local loop)
 Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS standardized as
IEEE 802.16)
 Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS)
 wireless ATM

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Wireless Local Loop (WLL)
 FSU (Fixed subscriber unit) performs
 Channel coding/decoding
 modulation/demodulation
 transmission/reception of signal

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Typical WLL Architecture

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 FSU Implementation
 FSU is integrated with handsets in some products
 high-capacity, centralized FSU serving more than one
subscriber (telephone, PC, fax, etc.)
 Used in business buildings, apartment blocks etc.

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
FSU Serving Multiple Subscribers

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
Local Multipoint Distribution
Service (LMDS)

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 LMDS
 Broadband wireless P2MP communication
 Operates above 20 GHz
 Video telephony
 Video-on-demand (VOD)
 High-speed Internet access

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Multi-Point Multi-Channel
Distribution System (MMDS)

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 MMDS
 Operates at 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz
 MMDS hub can serve a radius of up to 35 miles

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
Comparison of WLL Technologies

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
Synergy Between MMDS and LMDS
Spectrum and Applications
 Same customers and applications-data, voice, video.
 Similar needs for backhaul, CPE modem, base station
gateways etc.
 MMDS spectrum is good for long distance
communication- need few cells.
 LMDS spectrum is good for communication over short
distances - need many cells.
 LMDS and MMDS spectrum used together can lower
system deployment costs and increase coverage.

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Advantages and Disadvantages of
MMDS Spectrum
 Propagation over long distances up to 100 km. with
single tower
 Less attenuation due to rain, foliage
 RF component costs lower at 2.5 GHz, and Equipment
readily available today
 Limited capacity without sectorization, cellularization
which adds complexity and cost

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Advantages and Disadvantages of
MMDS Spectrum (Contd..)
 Interference issues with other MMDS and Instructional
Television Fixed Service (ITFS) licensees,
 Large upstream bandwidth in MMDS band requires
careful planning, filtering etc., and
 Cellularization later on may require retuning the entire
network.

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Advantages and Disadvantages of
MMDS Spectrum (Contd..)
 Very large bandwidth available for data, IP telephony,
video conferencing services
 Large capacity
 Higher RF component costs
 Small cell size, 2-8 Km
 Does not cover entire metropolitan area of a large city
without adding many cells at high cost.

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Wireless ATM (WATM)
 Broadband multimedia services in the public network
and local area (e.g. an office building, an industrial
production site)
 Operating frequency for domestic wireless ATM
networks in the 5 to 6 GHz band
 Interconnection of wireless access and a wired ATM
network
 Provide gateways between subnets
 Seamless extension of the ATM network over the
wireless medium

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 WATM (Wireless ATM)
 Home wireless ATM network would consist of several
appliances
 PC laptop, printers/fax machines, security systems, home
appliances, digital HD/SDTV sets, digital camcorder, speakers.

 Operating frequency for domestic wireless ATM

networks - 5 to 6 GHz band

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 WATM Architecture

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 WMAN Applications
 Wireless service provider backhaul
 Banking networks
 Education networks
 Public safety

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 WSP Backhaul

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
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WiMAX Network for Nanking

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
Education Network using WiMAX

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Public Safety Network

“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.