Liquid Crystal Materials

C N
 Broad Classification

Lyotropics Thermotropics
amphiphilic molecules, polar and non-polar molecules consisting of a rigid core and
parts form liquid crystal phases over certain flexible tail(s) form liquid crystal phases
concentration ranges when mixed with a over certain temperature ranges.
solvent

hydrophobic
non-polar tail flexible tail
+
-
hydrophilic
polar head rigid core
The Lyotropic Phases

micelle

cross section

reverse
micelle

cross section
The Thermotropic Liquid Crystal Molecule

Chemist’s Physicist’s
View CN Engineer’s
View

• Shape Anisotropy
• Length > Width

The molecule above (5CB) is ~2 nm × 0.5 nm

 Geometrical Structures of
Mesogenic Molecules

Low Molecular Weight High Molecular Weight

(polymers)

disk-like ( )n

rod-like ( )n

most practical applications

 The Liquid Crystal Phase

Crystal Nematic LC Isotropic

Temperature
 The Nematic Director n
n
director

Long H H H H
Molecular
Axis H H
O C N
H C C
H H H H
H C C H H
H H H
The local average axis
of the long molecular axis
 Other Liquid Crystal Phases

z n
n n


Smectic C Smectic A Nematic

Temperature
 Chirality
The methyl group on the 2nd carbon atom
on the alkyl chain of the molecules extends
out of the plane of the paper and the hydro-
gen atom extends into the plane of the paper.
Therefore the 2nd carbon can be thought of
as a right or left handed coordinate system

left-handed right-handed H H H H H
mirror images
H-C-C-C-C-C C N
H H H H H non-chiral

H H H H
H
H-C-C-C-C-C C N
CH3
non-superimposable H H H H chiral (RH)
 The Chiral Nematic
Ordinary Nematic Chiral Nematic
CN
CN
director

pitch
n
P
 The Chiral Doped Nematic
You can create a cholesteric material by doping a conventional
nematic with a chiral dopant.

1
 HTP For dilute solutions
Pc

Chiral Dopant HTP (m)-1 For a 10% doping of S-811

1
S-811 -14 P
IS-4651 -13.6 HTP  c
1
  0.71 m
- indicates left twist sense 14 m   0.1
1
The Chiral Smectic C: Ferroelectrics
C10H21 O CH3
N
COO CH2 CH C2H5


Eye- dipole moment 
fin - chiral

ferroelectric LC has a
dipole moment perp-
endicular to its long
axis, and is chiral.
 The Chiral Smectic: TGB
Twisted Grain Boundary (TGB)

A twisted grain boundary smectic A phase (frustrated) - TGBA*

 R
Discotic Liquid Crystal
C
R C
O O
C O R
C
O O
O

C
R O
O
O O C
example: R=OCOC11H23 R
C O

R
 Discotics Liquid Crystals
n

Nematic discotic phase

Columnar, columns of molecules
in hexagonal lattice
 Polymer Liquid Crystals
Combining the properties of liquid crystals and polymers
Main Chain Side Chain
mesogenic moieties are mesogenic moieties
connected head-to-tail attached as side chains
on the polymer backbone

rigid

semi-flexible
 Polymer Liquid Crystals
forming nematic liquid crystal phases

side-chain
main-chain
Example of Side-Chain Polymer LCs

R1
-(-CH2-C-)X- O
O C-O-(CH2)n-O C- R2
O

• Too slow for display applications (switching times ~ 0.5-1 s

• Useful for other applications such as:
• Optical filters
• Optical memory
• Alignment layers for low molecular weight LCs
• Non-linear optic devices (optical computing)
 The Order Parameter
n
1 2
 S  P2 (cos  )  (3 cos   1)
2

  d
2
cos
2 1
cos   
 no order
 d

3

cos2 (  0o )  1 perfect order

n
S  P2 (cos  )  1 perfect crystal

S  P2 (cos  )  0 isotropic fluid

Maier-Saupe Theory - Mean Field Approach

Interactions between individual molecules are represented by a

potential of average force n
V  cos   vP2  cos   P2 
 
• {V: minimum} when phase is ordered (-P2(cos))
• {V: V=0} when phase is disordered (<P2(cos)>) 
• factor for intermolecular strength ( )
From Statistical Mechanics (Self Consistency)
1

 P cos  exp   vP cos   P

2 2 2 )d cos  
 P2  0
1

 exp   vP cos   P   d cos 

0
2 2

=(kT)-1
 Maier-Saupe Theory - Mean Field Approach

n
1.0
Order Parameter, S

Isotropic
Fluid
Nematic
0.0 Liquid
Crystal

-0.6 n
Temperature
 Landau-de Gennes Theory
1 2 1 3 1 4 1 2
f  f 0  aS  bS  cS  L(S )  GS ( z )
2 3 4 2
a=(T-T*), , b, c, T*, L are phenomenological constants
G is a surface interaction strength

Good near NI transition

Order Parameter, S

surface
Predicts order near
Temperature surface
 The Order Parameter:
How does it affects display performance ?
The order parameter, S, is proportional to a number of important
parameters which dictate display performance.
proportional to
Parameter Nomenclature 
Elastic Constant Kii S2
Birefringence n S
Dielectric Anisotropy  S
Magnetic Anisotropy  S
Viscosity Anisotropy S
Example: Does the threshold switching voltage for a TN increase
or decrease as the operating temperature increases.
K S2
VTH    S Scales as the square root of S
 S therefore lowers with increasing temperature
 Anisotropy: Dielectric Constant
Off-axis dipole moment, angle  with molecular axis

NhFS   2F 
 
o   
2kBT
 3 cos   1
2

N: number density
h,f: reaction field, reaction For values of the angle , the
cavity parameters dipolar term is positive, and for
S: order parameter
: anisotropy in polarizability
values , the dipolar term is
: molecular dipole moment negative, and may result in a
k B: Boltzman constant materials with an overall -.
T: Temperature
Anisotropy: Dielectric Constant
++ E
positive
+++ 
- --
--



E
- + E
negative - +
- + all angles in
- + the plane 
to E are
 possible for the
- materials
Anisotropy: Duel Frequency

low frequency, >0 high frequency, <0

MLC-2048 (EM Industries), Duel Frequency Material

Frequency (kHz) 0.1 1.0 10 50 100
Dielectric Anisotropy () 3.28 3.22 0.72 -3.0 -3.4
 Dielectric Constants (@20oC, 1kHz)
*Mixture Application   

BL038 PDLCs 16.7 21.7 5.3

MLC-6292 TN AMLCDs 7.4 11.1 3.7
ZLI-4792 TN AMLCDs 5.2 8.3 3.1
TL205 AM PDLCs 5 9.1 4.1
18523 Fiber-Optics 2.7 7 4.3
95-465 - material -4.2 3.6 7.8
*EM Materials Materials Dielectric Constant
Vacuum 1.0000
Air 1.0005
Polystyrene 2.56
Polyethylene 2.30
Nylon 3.5
Water 78.54
 Dielectric Constants:
Temperature Dependence
  4’-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl
1 6
CH3-(CH2)4 C N
1 4    S (T )
Constant

1 2
E x tr a p o la te d fr o m is o tr o p ic p h a s e
Temperature Dependence
Dielectric

1 0
 is   S(T )
1
   2     // 
8 3

Average Dielectric Anistropy
6 1
2 5 3 0 3 5    2    // 
T -T (°C )
3
N I
Magnetic Anisotropy: Diamagnetism
Diamagnetism: induction of a magnetic moment in opposition
to an applied magnetic field. LCs are diamagnetic due to the
dispersed electron distribution associated with the electron
structure.
Delocalized charge makes
the major contribution to
diamagnetism.

Ring currents associated with

aromatic units give a large
negative component to for
directions  to aromatic ring
plane.  is usually positive since:

   ll     0  ll   
Magnetic Anisotropy: Diamagnetism
9 3 1
Compound   /1 0 m kg

C 5H 11 C N 1 .5 1

C 7H 15 C N 1 .3 7

C N 0 .4 6
C 5H 11
C N 0 .4 2
C 7H 15

C N -0 .3 8
C 7H 15
Optical Anisotropy: Birefringence
ordinary ray (no, ordinary index of refraction)

extraordinary ray (ne, extraordinary index

of refraction)
Optical Anisotropy: Birefringence
ordinary wave n  no
1 cos 2  sin2 
extraordinary wave 2
 2
 2
n no ne
optic
axis

For propagation along the optic

axis, both modes are no
Optical Anisotropy: Phase Shift

analyzer  = 2dno,e/

e=2dn/
liquid
crystal
n = ne - no

polarizer 0 < n < 0.2

depending on deformation

380 nm <  < 780 nm

light visible light
 Birefringence (20oC @ 589 nm)
EM Industry n ne no Application
Mixture

BL038 0.2720 1.7990 1.5270 PDLC

TL213 0.2390 1.7660 1.5270 PDLC
TL205 0.2175 1.7455 1.5270 AM PDLC
ZLI 5400 0.1063 1.5918 1.4855 STN
ZLI 3771 0.1045 1.5965 1.4920 TN
ZLI 4792 0.0969 1.5763 1.4794 AM TN LCDs
MLC-6292 0.0903 1.5608 1.4705 AM TN LCDs
ZLI 6009 0.0859 1.5555 1.4696 AN TN LCDs
MLC-6608 0.0830 1.5578 1.4748 ECB
95-465 0.0827 1.5584 1.4752 - devices
MLC-6614 0.0770 --------- --------- IPS
MLC-6601 0.0763 --------- --------- IPS
18523 0.0490 1.5089 1.4599 Fiber Optics
ZLI 2806 0.0437 1.5183 1.4746 - device
 Birefringence: Temperature
Dependence
n Average Index
1 .8 e
n 2

1 2
 ne  2n0
3
2

1 .7 n 2

1
n  2
 2n 2

Index of Refraction

e 0
3
n is o
1 .6 E x tr a p o la te d fr o m is o tr o p ic p h a s e

n o
1 .5 Temperature
Dependence

1 .4
n  S(T )
50 40 30 20 10 0
T -T N I (°C )
 Birefringence Example: 1/4 Wave Plate

What is minimum d for circular polarized

liquid crystal 1/4 wave plate ? linear polarized

Unpolarized

d LC: n=0.05
polarizer

1
Ne  No 
4 Takes greater number of e-waves
ned nod 1 than o-waves to span d, use
 
  4 n=0.05
1  589nm
d   2,950 nm  2.95  m
4 n 4 0.05 
Nematic Elasticity: Frank Elastic Theory
1
Fd 
2V  { K 11 (   n ) 2
 K 22 ( n    n ) 2
 K 33 ( n    n ) 2
} dV

1
  { K 24  ( n    n + n   n )  K 13   ( n   n )} dV
2V
1 1 
Fe     o   ( E  n ) dV   o
2
( B  n ) 2 dV
2V 2 V o
1
Fs  W0  sin 2    0  dS
2 s

Splay, K11 Twist, K22 Bend, K33

 Surface Anchoring

Alignment at surfaces propagates over macroscopic distances

microgrooved surface -
homogeneous alignment (//)
rubbed polyimide

ensemble of chains -
homeotropic alignment ()
surfactant or silane
 Surface Anchoring
N polar
anchoring
W
ce  n
rfa


su

azimuthal
anchoring
W
Strong anchoring 10-4 J/m2 W, is energy needed to
Weak anchoring 10-7 J/m2 move director n from
its easy axis
Creating Deformations with a
Field and Surface - Bend Deformation

E or B
Creating Deformations with a
Field and Surface - Splay Deformation

E or B
Creating Deformations with a
Field and Surface - Twist Deformation

E or B
Magnitudes of Elastic Constants

EM Industry K11 K22 K33

Mixture (pN) (pN) (pN) Application

BL038 13.7 ------ 27.7 PDLC

TL205 17.3 ------ 20.4 AM PDLC
ZLI 4792 13.2 6.5 18.3 TN AM LCD
ZLI 5400 10 5.4 19.9 TN
ZLI-6009 11.5 5.4 16.0 AM LCD
Order of magnitude estimate of elastic constant
U 1014 ergs 6 11
K ii   8
 10 dynes  10 N  10 pN
 10 cm
U: intermolecular interaction energy
: molecule distance
 Elastic Constant K22:
Temperature Dependence
K  S 2 (T )
7
P-a
zox
6 yp
K22 (x 10-12 Newton)

he
ne
tol
e
5
P- a
zox
yan
4 i sol
e (P
A A)
3

2
-30 -20 -10 0
T-TNI (°C)
 The Flexoelectric Effect
-
-
Undeformed +
+ state of banana
and pear shaped
molecules

Polar structure
corresponds to
closer packing
of pear and
banana molecules

Bend
Splay Polar Axis
 Effects of an Electric Field

n y
E x
  n  sin x  cos  y
E  Eo y

1 1
fe   o  E  n    o  Eo cos2  Electric Free Energy Density
2 2

2 2
df 1
e  e   o  Eo sin  2 
2
Electric Torque Density
d 2
Using = 5 and E=0.5 V/m
1 1
 o  Eo  8.85  10 C / N  m  5  0.5  10 V / m   5.5 N / m 2
2 12 2 2 6 2

2 2
 Effects of an Magnetic Field
y
n
B x

n  sin x  cos  y

B  Bo y


1  1  2
B  n  
2
fe  Bo cos2  Magnetic free energy density
2 o 2 o
dfb 1  2
e   Bo sin  2  Magnetic torque density
d 2 o
Using = 10-7 m3kg-1 and B= 2 T = 20,000 G
1  2 1
Bo   4  10 N / A 10 m  kg  2T   0.2 N / m 2
7 7 3 1 2

2 o 2
 Deformation Torque
Surface


x
d
    2 
tan     exp  x Orientation of molecules obeys this eq.
2 4 d 
2
1   
fd  K   cos2  Free energy density from elastic theory
2  x 
2 2
dfd 1  2   2 
d   K   sin  2   K    Torque density
d 2  d  d 
 Deformation Torque
2
 2 
Surface


d  K   
d 
d
x
3
8

 2  10 N   2 
2 11 2
2
K    15N / m  15Pa
 
2
 d  5  10 6

Material Shear Modulus

Steel 100 GPa 3
Shear modulus  Young’s modulus
Silica 40 GPa 8
Nylon 1 GPa
Coherence Length: Electric or Magnetic

E
Surface


x
1  2 
2
1 d
d  e  K   sin  2    o  E 2 sin  2  Balance torque
2  d  2
 K 1
d  2   Find distance d
 
 o E


d  K 1
    Coherence length 
2  
 o E


 
10 11
N 1
 1.5  m
Using E = 0.5 V/m
8.85  10 C / N  m  20  0.5  10 V / m
12 2 2 6
and = 20
 Viscosity: Shear Flow Viscosity Coefficient

  

v

n n
n
n  v n  v n v
n v
shear stress ( )
 Typically  > 
velocity gradient (v )
>
 Viscosity: Flow Viscosity Coefficient

LC specification sheets give

kinematic viscosity in mm2/s

  Kinematic Viscosity 
 1 m2/s

Dynamic Viscosity 

Approximate density
1 kg/m·s = 1 Pa·s
kg
0.1 kg/m·s = 1 poise   1000 3
m
 Viscosity: Flow Viscosity Coefficient
2
 1m 
ii  20 mm 2 / s     20 mm 2 / s   3  10 3
kg / m 3
  0.02 kg / ms  0.2 poise
 10 mm 

Typical Conversion Density Conversion

Flow  0.1 kg/ms = 1 poise
Viscosity
EM Industry Kinematic () Dynamic ()
MIXTURE CONFIGURATION (mm2/s) (Poise)

ZLI-4792 TN AM LCDs 15 0.15

ZLI-2293 STN 20 0.20
MLC-6610 ECB 21 0.21
MLC-6292 TN AM LCDs (Tc=120oC) 28 0.28
18523 Fiber Optics (no=1.4599) 29 0.29
TL205 PDLC AM LCD 45 0.45
BL038 PDLCs (n=0.28) 72 0.72
 Viscosity: Temperature Dependence

N C4H9
H3CO
1.0
For isotropic liquids
Viscosity (poise)

2
0.7  E 
iso  0 exp  
K T
 B 
0.4 3 E is the activation energy for
diffusion of molecular motion.
1
0.2
TNI
0.1
20 30 40 50 60
Temperature (°C)
 Viscosity: Rotational Viscosity Coefficient

n Rotation of the director n bv external

fields (rotating fields or static).

n Viscous torque's v are exerted on a liquid

crystal during rotation of the director n
and by shear flow.
Time

n d
v   1
dt

rotational viscosity coefficient

 Viscosity: Rotational Viscosity Coefficient

n n
n

EM Industry Viscosity Viscosity

MIXTURE CONFIGURATION (mPas) (Poise)

ZLI-5400 TN LCDs 109 1.09

ZLI-4792 TN AM LCDs 123 1.23
ZLI-2293 STN 149 1.49
95-465 - Applications 185 1.85
MLC-6608 TN AM LCD 186 1.86

 1 Pa 
 1  109 mPa  s  109 mPa  s  3   0.109 Pa  s  0.109 kg / m  s  1.09 poise
 10 mPa 
Viscosity: Comparisons

Material Viscosity (poise)

Air 10-7
Water 10-3
Light Oil 10-1
Glycerin 1.5

LC-Rotational (1) 1< 1 < 2

LC-Flow (ii) 0.2< ii<1.0
 Relaxation from Deformation

E field on state
Surface

x
Relaxation when field is turned off
Relaxation time 
Surface

zero field
state

x
 Relaxation from Deformation
d  visc Balance viscous/deformation torque

Surface
2
 2  d x
K     1 Assume small deformations
 d  dt
 1d 2
   o exp  t /   where   Solution
K  2 
2

 kg / ms 10 m 
1 4 2
10
  2.5 s For 100 m cell
N )  2 
11 2
(10

 kg / ms 5  10 m 
1 6 2
10
  6 ms For 5 m cell
N )  2 
11 2
(10
 Freedericksz Transition -
The Threshold I
y E n
z
E Ec 
y x
d x n At some critical E
field, the director
rotates, before Ec
nothing happens

 
n  cos   z  ,sin   z  ,0
1
2 VOL

Fd   K11   n   K 22 n    n   K 33 n    n  dV
2 2 2

2
0  d  0
K 22   
 dz 
 Freedericksz Transition -
The Threshold II
1 2 1 2 E-field
Fe    o  E  n dV    o  E sin2  dV
2 VOL 2 VOL free energy

1 
d
  d 
2
2 

F  Fd  Fe   K 22  2
  o  E sin   dz total
2 0  
 dz   free energy

 
F d  F  Minimize free energy with
  0
 dz   d   ‘Euler’ Equation
   dz  
  
 Freedericksz Transition -
The Threshold III
 d 2  2
K 22  2 
 o   E sin cos   0 differential equation
 dz 
 K 22    10 11 N soln.
ETH  
d  o   5  10 6 m   8.85  10 12
C 2
/ Nm 2
(10) small 
V V

mid-layer tilt (deg)

 200,000  0.2
m m
threshold

 V 
VTH  ETH d   0.2  5  m   1volt
 m 

1.0 E/Ec
 Defects

s=1/2 s=-1
s=-1/2

s=+1 s=+1 s=+1

The singular line

(disclination) is pointing
out of the page, and director
s=+2 orientation changes by
s=3/2 2s on going around the
line (s is the strength)
 Estimate Defect Size
core planar radial alignment

The simplest hypothesis is that the core or defect

or disclination is an isotropic liquid, therefore the
core energy is proportional to kBTc. Let M be the
R molecular mass, N Avogadadro’s number and 
l the density of the liquid crystal.
l 2 R R
1 dr R 
Fe     K11    n  rdrd dz   lK11 
2
  lK11 ln  
2 z 0  0 r rc rc
r  rc 
R   N 
F  Fe  Fcore   lK11 ln    kB Tc  rc2l   
rc r
 c  M 
radius of core
F 1  M   K11  1  1011 N 
rc
 0  rc     
2   N   kB Tc  2
10 m  
26 2

 10 J / K  10K  
23
 

 rc  3  10 8 m  30 nm
Microscopic Fluttering and Fluctuations

• Characteristic time  of
Fluctuations:
1 1
 2
 2
Kq  2 
K 
  
0.1kg / m  s
 2
 100  s
 2 
10 11
N 
 589  10 9
m 


• Can see fluctuations with

microscope:
Thermally induced • Responsible for opaque
Deformations appearance of nematic LC
 General Structure
Z Z’

X A Y
• Aromatic or saturated ring core
• X & Y are terminal groups
• A is linkage between ring systems
• Z and Z’ are lateral substituents

CH3 - (CH2)4 C N

4-pentyl-4’-cyanobiphenyl (5CB)
 Common Groups
Mesogenic Core Linking Groups
Ring Groups

biphenyl
phenyl terphenyl
diphenylethane  CH2  CH2 
stilbene  CH  CH 
tolane  CH  CH 
N  CH  N 
schiffs base
pyrimidine azobenzene N N
N azoxyben- O
zene N N
phenylbenzoate O
(ester) CO
cyclohexane phenylthio- O
benzoate CS 
 Nomenclature
Mesogenic Core

biphenyl terphenyl
phenyl
benzyl
benzene

phenylcyclohexane (PCH)
cyclohexane
3’ 2’ 2 3 cyclohexyl

1’ 1 Ring Numbering
4’ 4
Scheme

5’ 6’ 6 5
 Terminal Groups
(one terminal group is typically an alkyl chain)

CH2 CH2
straight chain
CH3 CH2

CH2 CH2
C*H branched chain
CH3
(chiral)
CH3
Attachment to mesogenic ring structure
Direct - alkyl (butyl)
Ether -O- alkoxy (butoxy)
 Terminal Groups

CH3- methyl CH3-O- methoxy

CH3-CH2- ethyl CH3-CH2-O- ethoxy
CH3-(CH2)2- propyl CH3-(CH2)2-O- propoxy
CH3-(CH2)3- butyl CH3-(CH2)3-O- butoxy
CH3-(CH2)4- pentyl CH3-(CH2)4-O- pentoxy
CH3-(CH2)5- hexyl CH3-(CH2)5-O- hexoxy
CH3-(CH2)6- heptyl CH3-(CH2)6-O- heptoxy
CH3-(CH2)7- octyl CH3-(CH2)7-O- octoxy
Second Terminal Group and
Lateral Substituents (Y & Z)
H -
F flouro
Cl chloro
Br bromo
I iodo
CH3 methyl
CH3(CH2)n alkyl
CN cyano
NH2 amino
N(CH3) dimethylamino
NO2 nitro

phenyl

cyclohexyl
 Odd-Even Effect
Clearing point versus alkyl chain length
O
CH3-(CH2)n-O C- O-(CH2)n-CH3
O
18
clearing point

16

14

12

10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
carbons in alkyl chain (n)
 Nomenclature
Common molecules which exhibit a LC phase

CH3-(CH2)4 C N

4’-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl

CH3-(CH2)4-O C N

4’-pentoxy-4-cyanobiphenyl
 Structure - Property
vary mesogenic core

CH3-(CH2)4 A C N

A C-N (oC) N-I(oC) n 

22.5 35 0.18 11.5

N
71 52 0.18 19.7
N

31 55 0.10 9.7
 Structure - Property
vary end group

CH3-(CH2)4 COO X

X C-N (oC) N-I (oC)

H 87.5 114.0
F 92.0 156.0
Br 115.5 193.0
CN 111.0 226.0
CH3 106.0 176.0
C6H5 155.0 266.0
Lateral Substituents (Z & Z’)

Z Z’
X A Y

• Z and Z’ are lateral substituents

• Broadens the molecules
• Lowers nematic stability
• May introduce negative dielectric anisotropy
 Why Liquid Crystal Mixtures
Melt Temperature:
Isotropic Liquid Liquid Crystal-Solid

Liquid
Temperature

ln i = Hi(Teu-1 - Tmi-1)/R

Crystal H: enthalpies

E Teu: eutectic temperature
Tmi: melt temperature
R: constant
eutectic
point
Nematic-Isotropic
Temperature: TNI
Solid
0 50 100 TNI =  iTNIi
Concentration (2), %
 EM Industry Mixtures
S-N <-40 C solid nematic transition (< means supercools)

Clearing +92 C nematic-isotropic transition temperature

Viscosity (mm2 /s) flow viscosity, some materials may stipulate the
+20 C 15 rotational viscosity also. May or may not give
0C 40 a few temperatures

K33/K11 1.39 ratio of the bend-to-splay elastic constant

 5.2 dielectric anisotropy

n 0.0969 optical birefringence (may or may not give ne, no)

dn (m) 0.5 product of dn (essentially the optical path length)

dV/dT (mV/oC) 2.55 how drive voltage changes as temperature varies

V(10,0,20) 2.14
V(50,0,20) 2.56 threshold voltage (% transmission, viewing angle,
V(90,0,20) 3.21 temperature)
 EM Industry Mixtures
Property ZLI 4792 MLC 6292/000 MLC 6292/100
S-N <-40 C <-30 C <-40 C

Clearing +92 C +120 C +120 C

Viscosity (mm2 /s)

+20 C 15 28 25
0C 40 95 85
-20 C 160 470 460
-40 C 2500 7000 7000

K33/K11 1.39 ------- ------

 5.2 7.4 6.9

n 0.0969 0.0903 0.1146

dn (m) 0.5 0.5 0.5

dV/dT (mV/C) 2.55 1.88 1.38

V(10,0,20) 2.14 1.80 1.38

V(50,0,20) 2.56 2.24 2.25
V(90,0,20) 3.21 2.85 2.83
 Summary of Fundamentals
• Thermotropic Liquid Crystal
• Anisotropy
• Nematic phase
• Chirality
• Order parameters
• Dielectric Anisotropy
• Diamagnetism
• Birefringence
• Elastic constants
• Surface Anchoring
• Viscosity
• Threshold
• Defects
• Eutectic Mixture