States of Matter and Atomic Environment of Elements

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STATES OF MATTER

AND ATOMIC
ENVIRONMENT OF
ELEMENTS
MATTER IS A SUBSTANCE THAT
HAS DEFINITE MASS AND
VOLUME(TAKES UP SPACE).

THEY ARE MADE UP OF


TINY PARTICLES CALLED
DIFFERENT STATES OF MATTER ARISE DUE TO
VARIATION I N THE CHARACTERISTICS OF
PARTICLE OF MATTER.
STATES OF MATTER

SOLI GA
D S
LIQUI
D
BOSE
PLASMA
EINSTEIN
CONDENSATE
THE SOLID
STATE
Solids generally exhibit certain characteristics that
set them apart from liquids and gases. For example,
they have the ability to resist any force that is
applied to its surface. However, the solid-state of
compounds largely depends on the properties of
atoms such as their arrangement and the forces
acting between them.
Physical and Chemical Properties of
Solids
Solids are incompressible, meaning the constituent particle
is arranged close to each other and because of that, there is
negligible space between the constituent particle.
Solids are rigid. This is due to lack of space between
the constituent particles which make it rigid or
fixed.
Solids have definite mass, volume and shape due to which it
has a compact arrangement of constituent particles.
The intermolecular distance between molecules is short. Due
to this, the force between the constituent particles (atoms,
molecules or ions) is very strong.
The constituents particles can only oscillate about their
Types of Solid
Based on the arrangement of constituent particles,
States
solids are classified into two-state types:
1.Crystalline Solids-Solid with definite arrangements
of particles (atoms, molecules or ions ) throughout
the 3- dimensional network of a crystal in a long-
range order.
Examples, Sodium Chloride, Quartz, Diamond, etc.

2.Amorphous Solids-An amorphous solid has no


definite form, either geometric or crystalline.
Cooling Curves: Amorphous solids have a smooth cooling curve with
no breaks, which means that as a molten amorphous solid is cooled,
the temperature decreases smoothly over time. The cooling curve of a
crystalline solid, on the other hand, is not smooth; there is a break
when solidification begins and another after solidification is
why do we study solid state in
geochemistry
A goal of Solid State Physics is to try to
understand how the macroscopic
properties of solids result from their
microscopic, atomic scale properties. So,
Solid State geology forms the
theorectical basis of Mineral Science.
THE LIQUID
STATE
In a liquid state of matter, particles are less tightly packed
as compared to solids.
Liquids take the shape of the container in which they are
kept.
Liquids are difficult to compress as particles have less
space between them to move.
Liquids have fixed volume but no fixed shape.
The rate of diffusion in liquids is higher than that of solids.
Force of attraction between the particles is weaker than
solids.
Example of a liquid state of matter: water, blood, coffee,
NEED OF LIQUID
STATE
THE SOLID AND LIQUID CAN DIFFUSE INTO LIQUIDS. THE
GASES FROM THE ATMOSPHERE DIFFUSES AND
DISSOLVE IN WATER. THESE GASES SPECIALLY
OXYGEN AND CO2 ARE ESSENIAL FOR AQUATIC ANIMAL
AND PLANTS AS WELL AS HUMAN.

ALL THE LIVING CREATURES NEED TO BREATHE


FOR SURVIVAL.
THE GASEOES
STATE
In gases, particles are far apart from each other.
Force of attraction between the particles is negligible, and
they can move freely.
Gases have neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape.
The gaseous state has the highest compressibility as
compared to solids and liquids.
The rate is diffusion is higher than solids and liquids.
The kinetic energy of particles is higher than in solids
and liquids.
example of gases: helium, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon
NEED OF GASEOUS
STATE
The gaseous phase is very important
for the living being to live. If there is
no air, they will die in minutes. The
gaseous phase is also used in many
non-living actions such as fire needing
oxygen, if there is no oxygen there
will be no fire.
NEED OF GASEOUS
STATE
The gas formed atmosphere.
We live at the bottom of an invisible ocean
called the atmosphere, a layer of gases
surrounding our planet. Nitrogen and oxygen
account for 99 percent of the gases in dry air,
with argon, carbon dioxide, helium, neon, and
other gases
making up minute portions. Water vapor
THE FOURTH STATE OF MATTER:
PLASMA
Plasma is a hot ionized gas consisting of approximately
equal numbers of positively charged ions and negatively
charged electrons. The characteristics of plasmas are
significantly different from those of ordinary neutral
gases so that plasmas are considered a distinct "fourth
state of matter." For example, because plasmas are
made up of electrically charged particles, they are
strongly influenced by electric and magnetic fields
while neutral gases are not.
Plasma is a state of matter that is often thought
of as a subset of gases, but the two states behave
very differently. Like gases, plasmas have no
fixed shape or volume, and are less dense than
solids or liquids.
But unlike ordinary gases, plasmas are made up
of atoms in which some or all of the electrons
have been stripped away and positively charged
nuclei, called ions, roam freely.
FIFTH STATE OF
MATTER
In condensed matter physics, a
Bose– Einstein condensate is a state
of matter that is typically formed
when a gas of bosons at very low
densities is cooled to temperatures
very close to absolute zero
EXAMPLE OF
B.EC
The classic example of Bose-Einstein
condensation for many years was liquid
helium. At the transition of liquid
helium from an ordinary liquid to what
is called a superfluid, the viscosity
vanishes and helium starts to behave
like a quantum fluid.
States of matter is depentent on
temparture and pressure
SOME IMPORTANT
1.Sublimation-It is the transition of a substance directly from
TERMS
the solid phase to the gas phase without passing through the
intermediate liquid phase

2.Solidification is a process in which atoms are converted into


an ordered solid state from a liquid disordered state.

3.Condensation is the process by which water vapor in the air


is changed into liquid water
4. Vaporization of an element or compound is a phase
transition
from the liquid phase to vapor. There are two types
atomic environment of
element

The atomic environment refers to the


three dimensional space around a
particular atom along with all the
atoms or ions in that space with the
bonds.
Atomic environment can be represented in two
ways;
1. Geometric
representation
2. Topological reprentation
PRESENTED
BY: CHANDANI

SURYAKAUSH
IK MUNCHUN
ADITYA

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