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This document discusses techniques for differentiating composite functions and implicit functions. It provides examples of differentiating functions of multiple variables where the variables are related by other functions or equations. The key techniques covered are: 1. Using the chain rule to differentiate composite functions where an output variable is defined in terms of input variables that are themselves functions of another variable. 2. Solving simultaneous equations to express partial derivatives in terms of independent variables when changing variables in a function. 3. Applying the implicit function theorem to differentiate implicit functions where an output is implicitly defined as a function of an input via an equation.

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Nitin Grover
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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296 views

Total Diff

This document discusses techniques for differentiating composite functions and implicit functions. It provides examples of differentiating functions of multiple variables where the variables are related by other functions or equations. The key techniques covered are: 1. Using the chain rule to differentiate composite functions where an output variable is defined in terms of input variables that are themselves functions of another variable. 2. Solving simultaneous equations to express partial derivatives in terms of independent variables when changing variables in a function. 3. Applying the implicit function theorem to differentiate implicit functions where an output is implicitly defined as a function of an input via an equation.

Uploaded by

Nitin Grover
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Total Differentiation

DIFFERENTIATION OF COMPOSITE FUNCTION



Let z = f(x,y)
Possesses continuous partial derivatives and let
x = g (t)
Y= h(t)
Possess continuous derivatives



Then,


. .
dz z x z y
dt x t y t
o o o o
o o o o
= +
CHANGE OF VARIABLES
Let z=f(x,y)......................(1)
Possess continuous first order partial derivatives w.r.t. x,y.
Let x = (u,v) and y = (u,v)
Possesses continuous first order partial derivatives. We write,
=
z
u
|
c c
c
. . .............................(2)
= . . .............................(3)
Now, solve equation (2) and (3) as simultaneously linear equations
in and . This wil
z x z y
x u y u
z z x z y
v x v y v
z z
x y
c c c
+
c c c c
c c c c c
+
c c c c c
c c
c c
l give us expressions for and in terms
of , and the easily determined quantities , , , .
z z
x y
z z x x y y
u v u v u v
c c
c c
c c c c c c
c c c c c c
Differentiation of Implicit Function
Let f(x,y) = 0 defines y as a function of x implicitly.
We shall obtain the value of in terms of the partial derivatives
and .
Since f(x,y) is a function of x and y and y is function of x,
dy
dx
f f
x y
c c
c c
therefore
we can look upon f(x,y) as a composite function of x.
f f
= . .
f f
0 . ...........................( )
-
df dx dy
dx x dx y dx
dy
i
x y dx
dy f x
dx f y
c c
+
c c
c c
= +
c c
c c
=
c c
( )
1
2 2
2 2
y
Example 1: If x = tan , prove that
x
x dy - y dx
dz =
x + y
Solution: We know that,
dz = . .
1
But, .
1

z z
dx dy
x y
z y
y x
y x

| |
|
\ .
c c
+
c c
c
| |
=
|
c
\ . +
2 2
=
x + y

y
( )
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
1
and =
1
x + y
dz =
x + y x + y
xdy - ydx
=
x + y
z x
y
y x
x
y x
dx dy
c
c
+
=

+
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2: Find dz/dt when
z=xy , x=at , y = 2at
Verify by direct substitution.
Solution. We have
z= xy
2 and 2
2 and 2
= . .
Example
x y
x y
z z
y xy x xy
x y
dx dy
at a
dt dt
dz z dx z dy
dt x dt y dt
+
+
c c
= + = +
c c
= =
c c
+
c c
2 2
2 2 2 3 2 3 2 4
3 3 4
2 2
3 5 3 4 3 3 4
( 2 ).2 (2 ).2
(4 4 ).2 (4 ).2
(16 10 )
,
2 4 (16 10 )
Hence the verification
y xy at xy x a
a t a t at a t a t a
a t t
Again
z x y xy
a t a t a t t
= + + +
= + + +
= +
= +
= + +
2 2
2
Example 3: If z=x and y=z , then find the differential co-
efficient of the first order when x is the independent variable.
Solution: dz=
Since z=x 2 , 1
Thus, dz=2xdx+dx+2z
y x
z z
dx dy
x y
z z
y x
x y
+ +
c c
+
c c
c c
+ = =
c c
dz
dz(1-2z) = dx(2x+1)
dz (2x+1)

dx (1-2z)
, 2 (2 ) (1 4 ) 2
(1 2 ) (1 4 )
(1 4 )
(1 2 )
Also dy dx z xdx dy dx xz zdy
dy z dx xz
dy xz
dx z

=
= + + = + +
= +
+
=

Example 4: z is a function of x and y, prove that if x = e


u
+ e
-v
,
y = e
-u
+ e
-v
then
z z z z
x y
du dv dx dy
c c c c
=
Solution: z is a composite function of u, v. we have

z z z z
x y
du dv dx dy
c c c c
=



. .
u u
z z
e y e
dx dy

c c
=

. .
= - . .
v v
z z x z y
dv dx dv dy dv
z z
e e
dx dy

c c c c c
= +
c c

Subtracting, we get

( ) ( )
= x
u v u v
z z z z
e e e e
du dv dx dy
z z
y
dx dy

c c c c
= +
c c


Example 5: If z = e
x
sin y, where x = In t and y = t
2
, then find
dz
dt

Solution: We know that,

. .
dz z dx z dy
dt x dt y dt
c c
= +
c c
But ,

sin ,
x
z
e y
x
c
=
c

2
cos ,
1
and 2
1
sin . ( cos )2
= (sin 2 cos )
x
x x
x
z
e y
y
dx dy
t
dt t dt
dz
e y e y t
dt t
e
y t y
t
c
=
c
= =
= +
+
Example 6: If H = f(y-z, z-x, x-y), prove that

0
H H H
x y z
c c c
+ + =
c c c
Solution: Let, u = y-z, v = z-x, w = x-y
H = f(u,v,w)
H is a composite function of x,y,z.
We have,

. . .
= .0 .( 1) .1
=-
H H u H v H w
x u x v x w x
H H H
u v w
H H
v w
c c c c c c c
= + +
c c c c c c c
c c c
+ +
c c c
c c
+
c c
Similarly,

H H H
y w u
H H H
z u v
c c c
= +
c c c
c c c
= +
c c c
Adding all the above, we get

0
H H H
x y z
c c c
+ + =
c c c
Example 7: If x = r cos, y = r sin and V=f(x,y), then show that

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 1
.
V V V V V
x y r r r r u
c c c c c
+ = + +
c c c c c
Solution: We have, x = r cos, y = r sin

cos . sin ..................( )
dy=sin .dx+sin . ...............( )
dx dr r i
and dy ii
u u
u u
=
Solving (i) and (ii) as simultaneous linear equations in dr and d, we get
Dr = cos.dx + sin. dy (iii)

1
(cos . sin . ).....................( )
, dr = ....................( )
.....................( )
d dy dx iv
r
r r
Now dx dy v
x y
and d dx dy vi
x y
u u u
u u
u
=
c c
+
c c
c c
= +
c c
Comparing (iii) and (v), we get

cos , sin
r r
x y
u u
c c
= =
c c
Comparing (iv) and (vi), we get

1 1
sin , cos
x r y r
u u
u u
c c
= =
c c
Thus,
. .
1
=cos . sin
1
= cos . sin ..................( )
v v r v
x r x x
v v
r r
v vii
r r
u
u
u u
u
u u
u
c c c c c
= +
c c c c c
c c

c c
c c
| |

|
c c
\ .
Similarly, . .
1
=cos . sin
1
= sin . cos ..................( )
v v r v
y r y y
v v
r r
v viii
r r
u
u
u u
u
u u
u
c c c c c
= +
c c c c c
c c

c c
c c
| |
+
|
c c
\ .
It follows that from (vii)

2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
1 1
cos . sin . cos . sin .
1 1 sin
=cos sin .cos . sin .cos .
1 1
sin sin .cos ...................( )
V v v
x r r r r
V V V V
r r r r r r r
V V
ix
r r
u u u u
u u
u
u u u u u
u u
u u u
u u
c c c c c
| || |
=
| |
c c c c c
\ .\ .
c c c c
+
c c c c c c
c c
+ +
c c
Similarly from (viii) it follows that
2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
1 1
sin . cos . sin . cos .
1 1 cos
=sin sin .cos . sin .cos .
1 1
cos sin .cos ...................( )
V v v
y r r r r
V V V V
r r r r r r r
V V
x
r r
u u u u
u u
u
u u u u u
u u
u u u
u u
c c c c c
| || |
= + +
| |
c c c c c
\ .\ .
c c c c
+ + +
c c c c c c
c c
+
c c
Adding (ix) and (x), we get
( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
1
cos sin cos sin
1
+ cos sin
1 1
= . .
V V V V
x y r r
V
r r
V V V
r r r r
u u u u
u
u u
u
c c c c
+ = + + +
c c c c
c
+
c
c c c
+ +
c c c
1. If z = x
m
y
n
, then prove that

dz dx dy
m n
z x y
= +
2. If u = x
2
-y
2
, x=2r-3s+4, y=-r+8s-5, find / u r c c
3. If x=r cos, y=r sin, then show that
(i) dx = cos.dr-r sin.d
(ii) dy = sin.dr+r.cos.d
Deduce that
(i)dx
2
+dy
2
=dr
2
+r
2
d
2

(ii)xdy-ydx=r
2
.d
4. If z=(cosy)/x and x=u
2
-v, y=e
V
, find
/ z v c c
5. If z=x
2
+y and y=z
2
+x, find differential co-efficients of the first
order when
(i)y is the independent variable.
(ii)z is the independent variable.
Exercise
6. If
sin cos cos
, , /
cos sin sin
u y x
z u v find z x
v x y
= = = c c


7. If
1
tan log , , .
t
y dz
z where x t y e find
x dt

= = =
8. If u = (x+y)/(1-xy), x=tan(2r-s
2
), y=cot(r
2
s) then find

9. If z=x
2
-y
2
, where x=e
t
cost, y=e
t
sint, find dz/dt.

10. If z=xyf(x,y) and z is constant, show that

'( / ) [ ( / )]
( / ) [ ( / )]
f y x x y x dy dx
f y x y y x dy dx
+
=

11. Find and if z=u


2
+v
2
+w
2
, where u=ye
x
,
y=xe
-y
, w=y/x.
/ z x c c
/ z y c c
12. If f(x,y)=0, (y,z)=0, show that

. . .
f z f
y z x x y
| | c c c c c
=
c c c c c
13. If z=e
ax+by
f(ax-by), prove that

2 .
z z
b a abz
x y
c c
+ =
c c
14. If
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 x y y x a + =
, show that
( )
2
3/ 2 2
2
1
d y a
dx
x
=

15. Find dy/dx if


(i) x
4
+y
4
=5a
2
axy.
(ii) x
y
+y
x
=(x+y)
x+y

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