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    Solar Thermal Energy

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    Bikash Das
    Solar thermal collectors collect heat from sunlight and come in both concentrating and non-concentrating varieties. Non-concentrating collectors absorb both beam and diffuse radiation, while concentrating collectors mainly use beam radiation. Flat-plate collectors are a common non-concentrating type with key elements being a transparent cover, black absorber plate, tubes or passages, and thermal insulation. Collector performance is affected by parameters like selective surfaces, number of covers, collector tilt, and dust accumulation. Solar thermal energy has applications like water heating, distillation, cooking, drying, greenhouses, and electricity generation.

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    Solar Thermal Energy

    Uploaded by

    Bikash Das
    97 views56 pages
    Solar thermal collectors collect heat from sunlight and come in both concentrating and non-concentrating varieties. Non-concentrating collectors absorb both beam and diffuse radiation, while concentrating collectors mainly use beam radiation. Flat-plate collectors are a common non-concentrating type with key elements being a transparent cover, black absorber plate, tubes or passages, and thermal insulation. Collector performance is affected by parameters like selective surfaces, number of covers, collector tilt, and dust accumulation. Solar thermal energy has applications like water heating, distillation, cooking, drying, greenhouses, and electricity generation.

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    Solar thermal energy

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    Solar thermal energy

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    Solar thermal collectors collect heat from sunlight and come in both concentrating and non-concentrating varieties. Non-concentrating collectors absorb both beam and diffuse radiation, while concentrating collectors mainly use beam radiation. Flat-plate collectors are a common non-concentrating type with key elements being a transparent cover, black absorber plate, tubes or passages, and thermal insulation. Collector performance is affected by parameters like selective surfaces, number of covers, collector tilt, and dust accumulation. Solar thermal energy has applications like water heating, distillation, cooking, drying, greenhouses, and electricity generation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    97 views56 pages

    Solar Thermal Energy

    Uploaded by

    Bikash Das
    Solar thermal collectors collect heat from sunlight and come in both concentrating and non-concentrating varieties. Non-concentrating collectors absorb both beam and diffuse radiation, while concentrating collectors mainly use beam radiation. Flat-plate collectors are a common non-concentrating type with key elements being a transparent cover, black absorber plate, tubes or passages, and thermal insulation. Collector performance is affected by parameters like selective surfaces, number of covers, collector tilt, and dust accumulation. Solar thermal energy has applications like water heating, distillation, cooking, drying, greenhouses, and electricity generation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 56

    Solar thermal energy

    Solar collectors
    • A solar thermal collector collects heat by
    absorbing sunlight. The term "solar collector"
    commonly refers to a device for solar hot
    water heating, but may refer to large power
    generating installations such as solar parabolic
    troughs and solar towers or non water heating
    devices such as solar air heaters.
    Performance Indices
     Collector Efficiency
     It is defined as the ratio of the energy actually absorbed
    and transferred to heat transporting fluid by collector
    (useful energy) to the incident energy
     Temperature range
     It is the range of temperature to which the heat transport
    fluid is heated up by the collector.
     Concentration Ratio
     It is defined as the ratio of the area of the aperture of the
    system to the area of the receiver.
    Classification of solar thermal
    collectors
    Comparison of concentrating and non-
    concentrating solar thermal collectors
     Concentrating type solar collectors mainly use of beam
    radiation (plus very little diffuse radiation coming
    directly over absorber), while non-concentrating
    collectors absorb both beam and diffuse radiation.
    Which is the main advantage of non-concentrating solar
    thermal collectors.
     A non-concentrating collector is simple in construction
    and does not require sun tracking system. Concentrating
    type of collector is complex in in construction. The
    efficiency of the concentrating type of collector may be
    increased if solar tracking system is used.
     High temperature can’t be produced for non-
    concentrating type of solar collector.
     The CR of the concentration type of solar
    collector is high compared to the non-
    concentrating type of solar thermal collectors.
    Flat-plate collector
    Basic Elements:
    1. Transparent cover
    2. Blackened absorber
    plate
    3. Tubes, Channels or
    passages
    4. Weather tight container
    5. Thermal insulation
    •
    Heating Pipes
    Construction of flat-plate collector
    Effect of Various parameters on
    performance
     Selective Surface: Absorber plate surface which exhibit the
    characteristics of high value of absorptivity for incoming solar
    radiation and low value of emissivity for outgoing radiation are
    called selective surface. Such surfaces are desirable because they
    maximize the net energy collection. Such example of selective
    surface layers are copper oxide, nickel black and black chrome.
     Number of Cover
     Spacing
     Collector Tilt: As the position of the flat plate collector is fixed,
    it need to be placed at the optimum position to extract maximum
    energy. It is recommended value of (φ+10˚) or (φ+15˚) for
    winter and (φ-10˚) or (φ-15˚) for summer.
     Dust on the top of the cover
    Material Selection for various parts of flat
    plate collector
    • Absorber Plat:
    • Absorber plate material should have
    High thermal conductivity
    Adequate tensile
    Compressive strength
    Good corrosion resistance
    Copper is generally the material of choice due to high
    conductivity and resistance to corrosion.
    Other possible materials for absorber plate may be
    aluminium, steel, brass and zinc
    • Insulation:
    • The desirable property of the thermal insulating
    materials are :-
    Low thermal conductivity
    Stability up to high usable temperature (upto 200˚C)
    No out gassing up to 200˚C
    Self-supporting feature without tendency to settle
    Ease of application
    No contribution in corrosion
    • Cover Plate:
    • The ideal cover should :
    Transmit maximum solar energy to the absorber plate
    Minimize upward heat loss from the absorber plate to the
    environment
    Shield the absorber from direct exposer to weathering
    Be a lightweight and easy to work.

    Most important factor for the cover plate materials:


    1. Durability
    2. Strength
    3. Non-degradability
    4. Good transmittance to the incoming solar radiation.
     Tempered glass has high durability and
    stability under the exposere to UV rays and
    high temperature.
     Transmittance of the glass depends on its iron
    content. Glass with high iron content
    transmits less light.
     Tempered water-white crystal glass should be
    used.
    • CR of Flat plate collector is less than or equal
    to 1.
    • Temperature range is >100˚C
    • Water is used as the main liquid – Water
    heater
    • Air may also be used as medium – Air heater
    Application of flat plate collector
     Solar water heater
    Principle of Solar water heater
    Modified flat plate collector
    • CR = 1-4
    • Temperature range = upto 100˚C
    Compound parabolic collector
    • CR= 3-7
    • Temperature range = upto 120˚C - 140 ˚C
    Cylindrical Parabolic Collector
    • CR – 5-30
    • Temperature Range – 150˚C- 200˚C
    Fixed mirror solar concentrator

    CR- 10-30
    Temperature
    Range – 150˚C-
    200˚C
    Linear Fresnel Lens Collector
    • CR – 10-30
    • Temperature Range – 150˚C – 300˚C
    Parabolic dish collector
    • CR – 10- few
    thousands
    • Temperature
    Range – 300˚C
    • Parabolic dish
    collector of 6-7m
    in diameter are
    commonly
    manufacture
    Central Tower Receiver
    • Large number of flat mirrors (Heliostats) are
    used to reflect the beam radiation to the
    receiver
    • Heliostats are spread in the area with a radius
    upto 2 km
    • CR- 3000
    • Temperature range – 500˚C-600˚C
    Application of Solar thermal Energy
    • Solar water heater
    Distillation of water using solar energy
    Solar Cooker
    Temperature range : 60˚C – 80˚C
    Parabolic Solar Cooker
    • Temperature range : 100˚C – 120˚C
    Solar green house
    • Winter green house
    • Summer green house
    Solar Air dryer
    • Solar Cabinet dryer
    Solar Pond
    Solar thermal energy to electrical energy

     Using liquid
     Using Gas
    Solar Thermal power plant
    Low temperature solar power plant
    • Thank You

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