CESMM4.pdf Measurement
CESMM4.pdf Measurement
CESMM4.pdf Measurement
TECHNOLOGY:
1:Describe Procedures used in
Construction of Access Roads in
Irrigation Scheme;
borrow pits
The camber is very steep, ranges between 1
when wet.
There are two types of construction method.
2.Premix.
1. Flat Terrain.
2. Sloping terrain.
1.Flat Terrain
Earth work for flat terrain is not so difficult,
the consideration is taken for camber
formation between the drains by excavating
the side drains and use of those materials to
form a camber;
After use of those materials, if there is a need
There are two ways on which water can damage the road, which
are;
1. By washing away the soil (scouring or erosion)
2. By making the road body weak or less strong to traffic
(lowering the road bearing capacity).
DRAINAGE COMPONENTS:
1. Road surface drainage =>
Enables the water to flow off the road surface.
2. Side Drains and mitre drains=>
It collect and lead the water away from the road.
3. Catchwater drains =>
The one which catches surface water before it reaches the road.
4. Scour Checks =>
The structures which prevent the erosion in the ditches by slowing
down the flow of water.
5. Culverts =>
Is the structure which lead the water from (upper) side drains
under the road to the other (lower) side.
6. Small bridges and drifts.=>
Are structures which allows the road to cross small rivers and
streams in a controlled manner throughout the season.
ROAD SURFACE DRAINAGE
This is achieved by installing a camber on the
road carriage way, which will enable the surface
water to run off to the side drains.
(See fig on page 22 5.5.2)
The camber is the slope formed both sides of
the road from the centre line towards the road
shoulder. Slope varies according to the materials
used. For Earth and Gravel road it ranges from 5
to 10 per cent to obtain sufficient run-off. All
road ruts and pot holes must be treated before
camber formation to the existing road.
SIDE DRAINS
These are structures constructed to collect all
rain water from the road carriage way and
dispose it quickly and in a controlled manner
so as to minimise damage to the road.
It can be constructed in three forms
1. V-shaped.
2. Rectangular shape
3. Trapezoidal shape
(See fig on page 22 5.5.3)
EROSION CONTROL STRUCTURES
The high speed of the water through the side
drains and large quantity cause erosion. This
can be controlled by introducing the
following
1. Mitre drains,
2. Scour checks,
3. Cut-off Drains.
MITRE DRAINS
These are diverting structures used to control
erosion by reducing the water flowing
through the drain
Where possible provided at every 100m or
less and
Where the gradient of the road is very small,
road surface.
DIMENSION: Most is single line of concrete pipe, Dia not less than 0.6m. Up to 0.8m.
Note. Smaller Dia are difficult to maintain. Instead of using large Dia, two or more
rows of smaller dimension can be used.
Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.
Alternative Proxies: