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    Chapter 5 Business Ethics

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    Rommel Layosa
    1. The document outlines several moral philosophies and their key principles, including traditional ethics, Kantian ethics, Machiavellianism, and utilitarianism. 2. Traditional ethics considers conscience and natural law as the proximate and remote norms of morality, respectively, with eternal law as the ultimate norm. It also describes different types of conscience. 3. Kantian ethics is based on the categorical imperative and moral rationalism, proposing that morality is absolute and based on obeying reason alone. 4. Machiavellianism follows the principle that "the end justifies the means" in political matters like gaining and maintaining power. 5. Utilitarian

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    Chapter 5 Business Ethics

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    Rommel Layosa
    36 views9 pages
    1. The document outlines several moral philosophies and their key principles, including traditional ethics, Kantian ethics, Machiavellianism, and utilitarianism. 2. Traditional ethics considers conscience and natural law as the proximate and remote norms of morality, respectively, with eternal law as the ultimate norm. It also describes different types of conscience. 3. Kantian ethics is based on the categorical imperative and moral rationalism, proposing that morality is absolute and based on obeying reason alone. 4. Machiavellianism follows the principle that "the end justifies the means" in political matters like gaining and maintaining power. 5. Utilitarian

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    1. The document outlines several moral philosophies and their key principles, including traditional ethics, Kantian ethics, Machiavellianism, and utilitarianism. 2. Traditional ethics considers conscience and natural law as the proximate and remote norms of morality, respectively, with eternal law as the ultimate norm. It also describes different types of conscience. 3. Kantian ethics is based on the categorical imperative and moral rationalism, proposing that morality is absolute and based on obeying reason alone. 4. Machiavellianism follows the principle that "the end justifies the means" in political matters like gaining and maintaining power. 5. Utilitarian

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    36 views9 pages

    Chapter 5 Business Ethics

    Uploaded by

    Rommel Layosa
    1. The document outlines several moral philosophies and their key principles, including traditional ethics, Kantian ethics, Machiavellianism, and utilitarianism. 2. Traditional ethics considers conscience and natural law as the proximate and remote norms of morality, respectively, with eternal law as the ultimate norm. It also describes different types of conscience. 3. Kantian ethics is based on the categorical imperative and moral rationalism, proposing that morality is absolute and based on obeying reason alone. 4. Machiavellianism follows the principle that "the end justifies the means" in political matters like gaining and maintaining power. 5. Utilitarian

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    CHAPTER 5

    A. The Norms of Morality According to the Scholastic Philosophy


    and Traditional Ethics

    Morality consists of conformity and non-conformity of the human


    conduct with norms. In the light of Traditional Ethics, these norms are
    called the “dictates of reason”.

    The Norms of Morality

    Conscience
    Traditional ethics considers conscience as the proximate norms of
    morality. It is defined as the practical judgment of reason deciding
    upon an individual act as good and to followed or
    as evil and therefore, to be avoided
    Types of Conscience:

    1. Antecedent conscience
    is a judgment before an action is done. Its main functions are to command, to
    advice, to forbid, and to permit.
    2. Consequent conscience
    is a judgment after an act is done. It bears the following effects; inner peace and
    remorse.
    3. True conscience
    is a conscience in which judges things truly are. Knowledge and the sense of
    responsibility or one’s action help greatly in forming a correct conscience.
    4. Erroneous conscience
    is also called false conscience. It judges things in a distorted manner since it considers bad
    acts as good and good acts as bad.
    5. Certain conscience
    is a subjective certainty of the legality of particular actions to be done or to
    be omitted.
    6. Doubtful conscience
    happens when a person is not certain about moral judgment. Moralists
    recommend that this kind of conscience should not be followed unless the
    person has resolved the doubt.
    7. Scrupulous conscience
    is one which sees wrong where there is none. It is a conscience which is
    extremely austere; it is always scared to commit evil.
    8. Lax conscience
    is the opposite of scrupulous conscience. It is the kind of conscience which
    fails to see wrong where there is wrong. This conscience categorically
    needs a right education.
    Natural Law 
    Ethics considers this as remote norm of morality.
    St Thomas of Aquinas believes that the purpose is always good. A good
    act therefore, is what befits the nature of man; a bad act is one that
    does not befits man nature. An action, therefore, is good or bad
    depending on tis conformity to the act’s nature in relation to its purpose
    or end.

    Eternal Law 
    Traditional Ethics considers eternal law or the divine law as the ultimate
    norm of morality.
     For St. Thomas Aquinas- “the divine wisdom directing all actions
    and movement.”
     For St. Augustine-“the divine reason or evil of God commanding
    the natural order of things be preserved and forbidding that it be
    disturbed.
    B. Kantian Ethics ( Immanuel Kant 1724-1804)

    Kant Moral Rationalism


    Kant believes that reason is autonomous. For him, reason is “the be all end all” of everything.
    Following this line of thinking, Kant maintained that all truths and all knowledge are derived from
    human reason. And therefore, all laws and all moral principles also came from moral reason.
    According to Kant, reasons commands and we must obey it without questioning. In effect, Kant
    is proposing an absolute morality, which for him requires absolute obedience.

    For Kant morality is;


     
    • A priori (Not based and not derived from experience)
    • It is universal (It applies to everybody)
    • It is absolute (Moral laws are complete and fixed)
    • Moral laws are immutable (Moral laws cannot be changed)
    Kant Categorical Imperative
    Kant was probably best known for his theory about a single, general moral obligation
    that explains all other moral obligation we have. This is the concept of Categorical
    Imperative.

    Moral duties can be derived from the categorical imperative which can be
    formulated in 3 ways.
    1. Formula of Universal Law
    2. Formula of Humanity
    3. Formula of Autonomy

     C. Machiavellian Principle (Niccolo Machiavelli 1469-1527)


     
    “The end justifies the means” 
     The principle is found in The Prince, refer to gaining and maintaining political power
    and in the process of creating a strong republic. In modern psychology,
    Machiavellianism is one of the dark triad personalities, characterize by a two-faced
    interpersonal style, a cynical disregard for morality, a lack of empathy, and focus
    oneself-interest and personal gain.
     
    D. Utilitarianism
    The utilitarian ethics is considered the most important consequentialist
    theory, whose principle is best explained by the maxim “Do whatever
    produces the greatest good for the greatest number”.

    The two main proponents of the principle are Jeremy Bentham


    and John Stuart Mill.

    Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)


    The term utility according to Bentham has two meanings. By utility, it
    means that properly in any objects which tends to produce benefit,
    advantage, pleasure, good, or happiness. The Utilitarian Principle
    according to Bentham can be coined in the phrase “The greatest good
    is the greatest pleasure of the greatest number”.
    John Stuart Mill (1806-18730
     believes that human beings pursue happiness naturally and will avoid
    pain or suffering. He concluded that since man naturally seeks
    happiness and avoids pain, that what constitute good moral is
    happiness and pain constitutes moral evil.

    John Mill

    Positive “Happiness is anything that is pleasurable to the greater


    number of people.
    Negative “Happiness is the absence of pain’

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