THE INDUSTRIAL

REVOLUTION
1760-1913
 HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• An ancient Greek or Roman would have been just as

comfortable in Europe in 1700 because daily life
was not much different – agriculture and technology
were not much changed in 2000+ years.

• The Industrial Revolution changed human life

drastically.

• More was created in the last 250+ years than in the

previous 2500+ years of known human history.
• The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th
century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing,
mining, transport, and technology had a profound effect on the
socioeconomic and cultural conditions.
• The Industrial revolution took place in Britain, then
subsequently spreading throughout Europe, North America,
and eventually the world. The Industrial Revolution marks a
major turning point in human history in almost every aspect
of human life.
• Before Industrial revolution manufacturing took place in homes
or rural areas and it was done by hand.
• Some products made in home (including clothing, furniture, tools,
cloth, hardware, jewelry, leather, silverware, and weapons) were
even exchanged for food. But, people lived in fear that the crops
they grew might fail, as many of them already suffered from
malnutrition. In addition, diseases and other epidemics were
unfortunately common.
• Hence machines were introduced to enhance effective production.
• Industrial revolution specifically emerged from Britain because
it had natural resources like coal, iron ore and developed
farmlands.
• It also had a stable population growth due to the boosting
agricultural system
THE FIRST AND SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS
The first, or old, Industrial Revolution took place between about 1750
and 1870.
Took place in England, the United States, Belgium, and France.
Saw fundamental changes in agriculture, the development of factories,
and rural-to-urban migration.
The Second Industrial Revolution took place between about 1870 and
1960.
Saw the spread of the Industrial Revolution to places such as
Germany, Japan, and Russia.
Electricity became the primary source of power for factories, farms,
and homes.
Mass production, particularly of consumer goods.
Use of electrical power saw electronics enter the marketplace
(electric lights, radios, fans, television sets).
 THE SPREAD OF THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
• Mid-1800s – Great Britain, the world leader in the
Industrial Revolution, attempted to ban the export of
its methods and technologies, but this soon failed.
• 1812 – United States industrialized after the War of
1812.
• After 1825 – France joined the Industrial Revolution.
following the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars.

• Circa 1870 – Germany industrialized at a rapid pace, while
Belgium, Holland, Italy, Sweden, and Switzerland were
slower to industrialize.
• By 1890 – Russia and Japan began to industrialize.
• Collectively there were many major factors that
contributed to Industrial revolution.

• The urge to increase the quality of human like, to

make technological advancement led to the causes
of the Industrial revolution. But there are three
most important causes of Industrial revolution
were

• Dependency on technology
• Impact of education
The key factors of the industrial revolution in the
1780s and 1850s
⦿ Migration of poor people to towns .
⦿ Banks provided loans for industries .
⦿ Good transport network .
 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 The Industrial Revolution was a fundamental change in the way goods were
produced, from human labor to machines.

 The more efficient means of production and subsequent higher levels of

production triggered far-reaching changes to industrialized societies.
 Transportation improved.
 Ships.
 Wooden ships → Iron ships → Steel ships.
 Wind-powered sails → Steam-powered boilers.
 Trains.
 Automobiles.

 Communication improved.
 Telegraph.
 Telephone.
 Radio.
 DEVELOPMENTS
• Mass production of goods.
 Increased numbers of goods.
 Increased diversity of goods produced.
• Development of factory system of production.
Rural-to-urban migration.
 People left farms to work in cities.
• Development of capitalism.
 Financial capital for continued industrial growth.
• Development and growth of new socio-economic
classes.

 Working class, bourgeoisie, and wealthy industrial class.
• Commitment to research and development.
 Investments in new technologies.
 Industrial and governmental interest in promoting invention, the sciences, and overall
WHERE IT BEGAN: BRITAIN
⦿ Politicalstability.
⦿ Unification of Wales and Scotland with England.
⦿ Introduction of Common laws.
 ECONOMIC FACTORS RESPONSIBLE
FOR THE REVOLUTION WERE:

1. Single Currency.
2. Stable market and uniform tax system on traded
goods.
3. Increased prices.
4. Money used as medium of exchange.
5. People received their wages are salaries not as
goods.
6. Had choice to spend their earnings.
⦿ London was a city of global trade .
⦿ Global trade shifted from Mediterranean ports of
Italy and France to the Atlantic ports Holland and
Britain .
⦿ Became the principal source of loans for
International trade and replaced Amsterdam.
ENGLAND’S RESOURCES: CAPITAL
• The Commercial Revolution made
many English merchants very
wealthy. Britain’s Colonies around the world

• These merchants had the capital

to invest in the;
• factory system – money to buy
buildings, machinery, and raw
materials.
ENGLAND’S RESOURCES: COLONIES AND MARKETS

• Wealth from the Commercial Revolution spread beyond the

merchant class.

• England had more colonies than any other nation.

• Its colonies gave England access to enormous markets and vast

amounts of raw materials.

• Colonies had rich textile industries for centuries

Many of the natural cloths popular today, such as calico and
gingham, were originally created in India
China had a silk industry.
 ENGLAND’S RESOURCES: RAW
MATERIALS
• England itself possessed the necessary raw materials to create the
means of production.

• England was lucky to have huge amount of Iron and Coal Ore which
were located closely to each other. Which were located near sea ports.

• Coal – vast coal reserves powered steam Engines.

• Iron – basic building block of large machines, railroad tracks,

trains, and ships.
 ENGLAND’S RESOURCES: WORKERS
• Feudalism ended in England. And the power of Lords
declined as a result people started moving out of villages
to towns in search of new jobs. ( Rural –Urban
Migration).
• English people could freely travel from the
countryside to the cities.

• Enclosure Acts – caused many small farmers to lose their

lands, and these former farmers increased the labor supply.
 ENGLAND’S RESOURCES: MERCHANT MARINE

• England had World’s largest merchant fleet

• Merchant marine built up from the Commercial

Revolution
• Vast numbers of ships could bring raw materials and
finished goods to and from England’s colonies and
possessions, as well as to and from other countries.
 ENGLAND’S RESOURCES: GEOGRAPHY

• England is the political center of Great Britain, an island.

• Great Britain (as the entire island was called beginning in
1707) did not suffer fighting on its land during the wars of
the 18th century.
• Island has excellent harbors and ports.
• Damp climate (moist climate) benefited the textile
industry (thread did not dry out).
• Government was stable and the power of the King rose.
• After Feudalism got over there were no internal trade
barriers.
 THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY

• Textiles – cloths or fabrics.

Britain’s Textile Industry in London
• First industry to be
industrialized.

• Great Britain learned a lot

about textiles from India
and China.
THE BIRTH AND GROWTH OF THE TEXTILE
INDUSTRY
THE BIRTH AND GROWTH OF THE TEXTILE
INDUSTRY
DEVELOPMENT OF STEAM ENGINES
Early water power involved mills built over fast-moving
streams and rivers

Early water power had problems.

Not enough rivers to provide the power needed to

meet growing demand.
Rivers and streams might be far removed from raw
materials, workers, and markets.
Rivers are prone to flooding and drying.
 STEAM POWER
 Humans tried harnessing steam
power for millennia
 Hero of Alexandria, Egypt – created a
James Watt steam engine.
steam-driven device in the 1st century
B.C.E.

 Thomas Newcomen, England

(1704).
 Created a steam engine to pump
water from mines.

 James Watt, Scotland (1769)

 Improved Newcomen’s engine to
power machinery.
 STEAM ENGINES
• By 1800, steam engines were
Thomas Savery’s Steam
replacing water wheels as Engine.
sources of power for factories.

• Factories relocated near raw

materials, workers, and ports.

• Cities grew around the factories

built near central England’s
coal and iron mines.
Manchester, Liverpool
 COAL AND IRON
Vast amounts of fuel were required to Workers working at Iron
smelt iron ore to burn out impurities.
industries in Britain.

Abraham Darby (The Darby’s)

(1709).
 Discovered that heating coal turned it
into more efficient coke.
John Smeaton (1760).
 Smelted iron by using water-powered air
pumps to create steam blasts.

Henry Cort (1783).

 Developed the puddling process which
purified and strengthened molten iron.
INCREASES IN COAL AND IRON PRODUCTION,
1770- 1800

• Coal production doubled

Women Working in Coal
 6 million to 12 million Factories
tons

• Pig iron
production
increased 250%
1800 – 130,000
tons

• Great Britain produced

as much coal and iron
 TRANSPORTATION
Before the Industrial
Revolution
•Canal barges pulled by
mules
•Ships powered by sails
•Horse-drawn wagons, carts,
and carriages

After the Industrial

Revolution
•Trains
•Steamships
•Trolleys
•Automobiles
TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION
 STEAM BOATS
• Robert Fulton invented the steamboat in 1807.
• The Clermont operated the first regular steamboat route,
running between Albany and New York City.
• 1819 – the Savannah used a steam engine as auxiliary
power for the first time when it sailed across the Atlantic
Ocean.
• 1836 – John Ericsson invented a screw propeller to
replace paddle wheels.
• 1838 – the Great Western first ship to sail across the
Atlantic on steam power alone, completing the trip in
15 days.
 RAIL ROADS
• 1830 – Stephenson’s “Rocket”
train traveled the 40 miles
between Liverpool and Construction of Rail Roads between
Manchester in 1 ½ hours. Liverpool and Manchester.

• 1830-1870 – railroad tracks

went from 49 miles to over
15,000 miles.

• Steel rails replaced iron rails

1869 – Westinghouse’s air brake
made train travel safer.

• Greater train traveling comfort

– heavier train cars, improved
road beds, and sleeping cars
1830 – STEPHENSON’S “ROCKET”
TRAIN.
COMMUNICATIONS REVOLUTION
Robert Fulton's ‘Steamboat’

Fulton’s steamboat was the first to become a practical, financial, and

commercially successful steamboat. Fulton’s steamboat was names as
‘Clermont’.
• Agricultural Revolution began in the early 1700s with an
Englishman. Crop yields per acre were increased by new
knowledge about what techniques would allow plants to
grow and new agricultural techniques.

• Fertilizers, minerals, and soil content were all factors that

started to be taken into account. New tools, and processes
were developed.

• New plows, rakes, and other implements

began to be used.
• The textile industry significantly grew during
the Industrial Revolution. Advancement was
made in use of machinery which was cheaper
then products made by hand (which took a long
time to create), therefore allowing the cloth to be
cheaper to the consumer.

• In 1813, Francis Cabot Lowell set up the first

American textile factory.
Cotton gin made cotton processing less labor-intensive, it helped planters earn
greater profits, prompting them to grow larger crops, which in turn
required
 James Hargreave’s ‘Spinning Jenny’, revolutionized the process of cotton spinning.
The machine used eight spindles onto which the thread was spun, so by turning a single
wheel, the operator could now spin eight threads at once.
 John Kay's 'Flying Shuttle'

John Kay in 1733, formed the ‘Flying Shuttle’. The flying shuttle also allowed
the thread to be woven at a faster rate, thus enabling the process of weaving
to
become faster.
• The growth of the Industrial Revolution depended
on the ability to transport raw materials and
finished goods over long distances.
• There were three main types of transportation
that increased during the Industrial Revolution:
waterways, roads, and railroads.
• Transportation was important because people were
starting to live in the West. During this time
period, transportation via water was the cheapest
way to move heavy products.
 Stephenson's 'Rocket'

The Rocket was designed and built by George Stephenson with the help of
his son, Robert, and Henry Booth. The Rocket reached speeds of 24mph
during the 20 laps of the course. The Rocket can be seen at the Science
Museum, in
 The Wright Brothers

Wright Brothers were successful in flying the first plane. The plane flew for 59
seconds, at 852 feet, an extraordinary achievement.
 Henry Ford invented the assembly line at his automobile company. The
assembly line reduced production time. More cars were made available for a
lower cost, making the cars more common
• There are many medical advances that
occurred during the Industrial Revolution.

• Some of these advancement included small

pox vaccination, discovery of anesthetic,
discovery of X-ray, invention of aspirin and
blood transfusion.
• Louis Pasteur's main contributions to
microbiology and medicine were:
•Instituting changes in hospital/medical practices to
minimize the spread of disease by microbes or
germs.
•Discovering that weak forms of disease could be
used as an immunization against stronger forms and
that rabies was transmitted by viruses too small to be
seen under the microscopes of the time.
•Introducing the medical world to the concept of
viruses.
Germ theory that was proposed by Louis Pasteur.
Edward Jenner confronted small pox. He performed an experiment by deliberately
infecting a young boy with the dose of cow pox. His experiment wouldn't be
approved by ethics committees today, but Jenner's discovery of immunization has
saved more lives than perhaps any other single discovery in medical science.
 Samuel F.B. Morse’s telegraph was patented in 1837. This telegraph cables reached
from London to Australia; massages could be flashed halfway around the globe in a
matter of minutes, speeding commercial
transactions
 The telephone and other innovations like the microphone were
reportedly developed By Alexander Graham Bell in part to assist
people with hearing loss.
• Industrial Revolution consisted of both positive and
negative aspects that impacted Great Britain, its
economy, and its people.
• Positively, inventions such as the steam engine,
pushed Britain and other nations towards
manufacturing and engineering prowess. Britain
was by far the wealthiest nation, as it began
producing more efficiently. This led to set new
standards to form an industrial economy.
• However with Industrial revolution, came many
negative impacts too.
SOME EFFECTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION

• Working and living conditions.

• Urbanization.
• Public Health and Life Expectancy.
• Child Labor.
• Working Class Families and the Role of Women.
• The Emerging Middle Class.
• Wealth and Income.
• Trade unions.
 ADVANTAGES OF THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
• Centre of economic life shifted from the villages to
cities.
• Men became free to develop their capabilities in
areas other than farming.
• Better transport, communications and mechanized
goods made life comfortable for man.
DISADVANTAGES OF THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
 Cities became crowded, smoky, with problems of
slums, housing, sanitation, accidents and epidemics.
 Women and child labour was badly exploited.
 The industrial revolution created wars of imperialism
and colonization.
 Workers suffered from long working hours, low
wages, unemployment and insecurity.
 Society became divided into rich and poor.
 Child labor during Industrial
Revolution

In coal mines children had to crawl through narrow underground passages

as
low as 16 to 18 inhes in height.
 THE EXPLORATION OF CHILD AND
FEMALE LABOR AFTER THE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• The feminine and child labor were one of the most striking
characteristics of the industrial revolution.

• People thought that poor children should work because work

avoids the marginalization. Moreover child labor helped the
family income.

• Children worked in factories and coal mines. Many children died.

• Between 1780 and 1840 child labor became more intense.

Child Labor cont’d
 Children were expected to help the family in the traditional economy, but
usually they had been assigned tasks that were commensurate with their age.
 Not unlike their mothers, young children began to be exploited by their
bosses.
 The most dangerous assignment for children in the factories was unjamming
the great textile machines that wove cloth.
 Since their hands and arms were so small, they could reach into small spaces
where the fabric tended to jam.
 The foreman would not turn the machine off but would insist the child reach
in to dislodge the jam. If he were not quick enough, his hand or arm would
become caught in the mechanism, and this could result in severe damage to
the child.
 All labourers, male, female, and children, were eventually looked upon as
interchangeable parts.
 In many ways women suffered more than men.
 In both the urban artisan economy and the rural agricultural world, women
were traditionally regarded as playing an equally important role as men.
 They were full partners in the family's quest for economic success. Their status
changed substantially as a result of the Industrial Revolution.
 Their labour became a commodity to be exploited. They were as a rule given
the lowest-skilled, lowest-paying jobs. They were regularly bullied by both
their bosses and their husbands.
 In many ways their labour and responsibilities doubled. They were not only
responsible for their jobs in industry, but they were also expected to continue
their traditional roles at home.
 They laboured for ten hours in the factory and continued for untold hours once
they arrived home.
 It must be remembered that by law men still controlled their families. Women
had no political, social, or economic rights outside the home.
 They were forbidden to vote or own property. The "rule of thumb" was still
supported by most courts in the Western world. This "rule of thumb" referred to
the fact that a man could beat his wife with a stick, as long as it was not larger
 Pollution

The smog in 1873 killed over 700 people in London. However, the largest
air pollution disaster in Britain was the Great London Smog of December
1952
• Even in today’s time we’re experiencing Industrial Revolution.
Weather its war machines, modern medicine or infrastructure,
the effect of Industrial revolution can be greatly seen. Every
technological advancement made is a sign of Industrial
revolution.

• One such example of Industrial revolution is the Social

Media or Internet. The Internet is bringing a revolution
along with it.