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ELM113 Section 3 Lecture 6

The document summarizes key aspects of synchronous motors. It discusses how a DC field current produces a steady magnetic field in the rotor while a 3-phase AC supply to the stator produces a rotating magnetic field. The rotor's magnetic field tries to align with the rotating stator field, causing the rotor to spin. Once locked in synchronization, the motor rotates at the same speed as the rotating field. It also describes how synchronous motors can be used to improve a power system's power factor by operating the motor at a leading power factor to offset inherently lagging induction motors. Adjusting a synchronous motor's power factor in an example system decreased transmission line losses by 29%.

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Uendjii Bronzeg
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66 views10 pages

ELM113 Section 3 Lecture 6

The document summarizes key aspects of synchronous motors. It discusses how a DC field current produces a steady magnetic field in the rotor while a 3-phase AC supply to the stator produces a rotating magnetic field. The rotor's magnetic field tries to align with the rotating stator field, causing the rotor to spin. Once locked in synchronization, the motor rotates at the same speed as the rotating field. It also describes how synchronous motors can be used to improve a power system's power factor by operating the motor at a leading power factor to offset inherently lagging induction motors. Adjusting a synchronous motor's power factor in an example system decreased transmission line losses by 29%.

Uploaded by

Uendjii Bronzeg
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LECTURE 6

SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS: OPERATION


The DC field current (IF) to the rotor produces a steady-state
magnetic field (BR) in the rotor. The 3-phase AC supply voltage to
the stator (armature) windings produces a 3-phase current flow
which produces a uniform rotating magnetic field Bs.
Now, two magnetic fields are present in the machine, and the
rotor magnetic field tends to align with the stator magnetic field.
Since the stator magnetic field is rotating, the rotor magnetic field
will try to catch up pulling the rotor.
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The larger the angle between two magnetic fields (up to a certain
maximum), the greater the torque on the rotor of the machine.

The rotor locks in with the rotating magnetic field and rotates along
with it. Once the rotor field locks in with the rotating magnetic field,
the motor is said to be in synchronization.

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SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS: EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
A synchronous motor has the same equivalent circuit as a synchronous
generator, except that the direction of power flow (and hence the
direction of IA) is reversed. Per-phase circuit:

A change in direction of IA changes the Kirchhoff’s voltage law


equation to: and similarly;

3
SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS: CHANGING FIELD
CURRENT
NB: This part was comprehensively covered in Lecture 2.
By controlling the field current of a synchronous motor, the
reactive power consumed or supplied to the power system
can be controlled and thus the power factor of the system
can be adjusted.
Adjusting the power factor of the load in a power system
significantly affects the efficiency of the power system: the
lower the PF, the greater the losses in the power lines.
4
Most loads in a typical power system are induction motors
and the system is thus inherently inductive (has lagging
power factor), therefore, having one or more over-excited
synchronous motors (leading loads) is very beneficial in
improving the power factor.
The usage of synchronous motors or other equipment to
increase the overall system’s PF is called power-factor
correction. Since a synchronous motor can provide PF
correction, many loads that can accept constant speed are
driven by over-excited synchronous motors.

5
EXAMPLE:
Consider a 480V large power system shown below. Load 1 is an
induction motor consuming 100 kW at 0.78 PF lagging, and load 2 is
an induction motor consuming 200 kW at 0.8 PF lagging. Load 3 is a
synchronous motor (SM) whose real power consumption is 150 kW.
a) If the SM is adjusted to 0.85 PF lagging, what is the line current?
b) If the SM is adjusted to 0.85 PF leading, what is the line current?
c) If the line losses are PLL = 3IL2RL, how do they compare in a) & b)?

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SOLUTION:
a)

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b) The real powers of loads 1, 2 and 3 remains unchanged. The
reactive powers of loads 1 and 2 also remains unchanged. The
reactive power of load 3 has changed due to the change in PF
and it is now:

Such that the new changes are now:

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c) The transmission line losses:

The conclusion is that, when power factor of a synchronous


motor was changed from 0.85 lagging to 0.85 leading, the
transmission line losses decreased by about 29%.

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REFERENCES
• Dr. Gleb V. Tcheslavski: ‘Lecture 7: Synchronous Machines’
• http://www.ee.uidaho.edu/ee/power/ECE420/Lectures/L31_40/
Chapter4.pdf
• Chapter 37, Theraja B. L and Theraja A. K. Electrical
Technology.
• Chapter 7, Bhag S. Guru and Huseyin R. Hiziroglu (2001).
Electric Machinery and Transformers. (3rd Edition) New York,
Oxford, Oxford University Press.
• Any other useful printed or internet based credible source

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