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    Faiz Pathan
    The document discusses synchronous optical networking (SONET). SONET is a communication protocol used to transmit multiple digital data streams simultaneously over long distances using optical fiber. It synchronizes the timing of signals and equipment across the entire network using a single clock. The key elements of SONET include STS multiplexers and demultiplexers to convert between electrical and optical signals, regenerators to boost signal strength, and add/drop multiplexers. SONET connections have section, line, and path layers. Advantages are high data rates over long distances with minimal interference, while disadvantages include lack of compatibility and overhead. Applications include data center interconnectivity, ISP backbones, campus networks,

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    CN PPT

    Uploaded by

    Faiz Pathan
    66 views14 pages
    The document discusses synchronous optical networking (SONET). SONET is a communication protocol used to transmit multiple digital data streams simultaneously over long distances using optical fiber. It synchronizes the timing of signals and equipment across the entire network using a single clock. The key elements of SONET include STS multiplexers and demultiplexers to convert between electrical and optical signals, regenerators to boost signal strength, and add/drop multiplexers. SONET connections have section, line, and path layers. Advantages are high data rates over long distances with minimal interference, while disadvantages include lack of compatibility and overhead. Applications include data center interconnectivity, ISP backbones, campus networks,

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    The document discusses synchronous optical networking (SONET). SONET is a communication protocol used to transmit multiple digital data streams simultaneously over long distances using optical fiber. It synchronizes the timing of signals and equipment across the entire network using a single clock. The key elements of SONET include STS multiplexers and demultiplexers to convert between electrical and optical signals, regenerators to boost signal strength, and add/drop multiplexers. SONET connections have section, line, and path layers. Advantages are high data rates over long distances with minimal interference, while disadvantages include lack of compatibility and overhead. Applications include data center interconnectivity, ISP backbones, campus networks,

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    66 views14 pages

    CN PPT

    Uploaded by

    Faiz Pathan
    The document discusses synchronous optical networking (SONET). SONET is a communication protocol used to transmit multiple digital data streams simultaneously over long distances using optical fiber. It synchronizes the timing of signals and equipment across the entire network using a single clock. The key elements of SONET include STS multiplexers and demultiplexers to convert between electrical and optical signals, regenerators to boost signal strength, and add/drop multiplexers. SONET connections have section, line, and path layers. Advantages are high data rates over long distances with minimal interference, while disadvantages include lack of compatibility and overhead. Applications include data center interconnectivity, ISP backbones, campus networks,

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    You are on page 1of 14

    Topic – synchronous optical networking

    Computer Networking (CS 602)

    Submitted to :- Submitted
    by :-
    Gaurav Dubey Faiz Khan
    Asst. Professor
    (0905CS201068)
    Dept of CS Engg.
    Outline
     Introduction
     Elements of SONET
     SONET Connections
     Layers of SONET
     Advantages of SONET
     Disadvantages of SONET
     Applications
    Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)
    Synchronous Optical Network, or SONET. A communication
    protocol called SONET was created by Bellcore and is used to send
    a lot of data over relatively long distances using optical fiber.
    Multiple digital data streams are transmitted simultaneously over
    the optical fiber with SONET.

    • Why is SONET referred to as a synchronised network?


    Across the entire network, the timing of signal and equipment
    transmission is controlled by a single clock (the Primary Reference
    Clock, or PRC).

    CS-305 3
    Elements of SONET

    CS-305 4
    Elements of SONET

    1. STS Multiplexer:
    • Performs multiplexing of signals.
    • Converts electrical signal to optical signal.

    2. STS Demultiplexer:
    • Performs demultiplexing of signals.
    • Converts optical signal to electrical signal.

    CS-305 5
    Elements of SONET

    3.Regenerator:
    It is a repeater, that takes an optical signal and regenerates
    (increases the strength) it.

    4. Add/Drop Multiplexer:
    It allows to add signals coming from different sources into a
    given path or remove a signal.

    CS-305 6
    SONET Connections

    SONET connections are broken down between :-

    Section: Portion of network connecting two neighbouring


    devices.
    Line: Portion of network connecting two neighbouring
    multiplexers.
    Path: End-to-end portion of the network.

    CS-305 7
    Layers of SONET

    CS-305 8
    Layers of SONET
    SONET includes four functional layers:
    1.Path Layer:
    • It is responsible for the movement of signals from its optical source
    to its optical destination.
    • STS Mux/Demux provides path layer functions.
    2.Line Layer:
    • It is responsible for the movement of signal across a physical line.
    • STS Mux/Demux and Add/Drop Mux provides Line layer
    functions.

    CS-305 9
    Layers of SONET
    3.Section Layer:
    • It is responsible for the movement of signal across a physical
    section.
    • Each device of network provides section layer functions.
    4.Photonic Layer:
    • It corresponds to the physical layer of the OSI model.
    • It includes physical specifications for the optical fibre channel
    (presence of light = 1 and absence of light = 0).

    CS-305 10
    Advantages of SONET

    These are the main advantages of using SONET :-

    Data is sent over long distances.


    Electromagnetic interference is minimal.
    Data rates are quite high.
    Provides broad bandwidth.

    CS-305 11
    Disadvantages

    The Disadvantages of SONET are as Follows :-


    No standard that is compatible.
    SONET mux services are necessary for tributary services.
    Low cost and efficient for few channels.
    At higher capacities, bandwidth efficiency is a problem.
    There must be more overhead.

    CS-305 12
    Applications

    The various applications of SONET are:-

    Data Center Interconnectivity


    Internet Service Provider (ISP) Backbone Networks
    Campus Networks
    Video Conferencing
    Disaster Recovery

    CS-305 13
    CS-602 14

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