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Chapter 3 - Hydrostatic Forces On Submerged Surfaces

1. Hydrostatic forces act on submerged bodies due to pressure from surrounding fluid and the weight of the fluid itself. 2. The total pressure force on a surface is equal to the pressure integrated over the entire area. The center of pressure is the point where the total pressure force can be considered to act. 3. Methods are described to calculate the total pressure force and center of pressure for vertical, horizontal, inclined and curved surfaces submerged in liquid using integration, geometry, and the parallel axis theorem.

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GSaurav Dahal
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152 views

Chapter 3 - Hydrostatic Forces On Submerged Surfaces

1. Hydrostatic forces act on submerged bodies due to pressure from surrounding fluid and the weight of the fluid itself. 2. The total pressure force on a surface is equal to the pressure integrated over the entire area. The center of pressure is the point where the total pressure force can be considered to act. 3. Methods are described to calculate the total pressure force and center of pressure for vertical, horizontal, inclined and curved surfaces submerged in liquid using integration, geometry, and the parallel axis theorem.

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GSaurav Dahal
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© © All Rights Reserved
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HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON

SUBMERGED BODIES
INTRODUCTION
When fluids are at rest, there is no relative motion between individual neighboring layers of fluid. This means
the change in velocity, du becomes zero. Hence, there will be no shear force acting in the fluid element.
Therefore, the forces acting on the fluid element are:
1. Forces due to pressure (acting normal to the fluid surface)
2. Weight of the element

TOTAL PRESSURE AND CENTER OF PRESSURE (HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL, INCLINED AND CURVED SURFACES)

•For a fluid to be static state, it should exert certain force to the surface (container) and the container should
oppose the force with same amount in same direction. This TOTAL FORCE exerted by the fluid element, acting
normal to the surface is called TOTAL PRESSURE.
•The point of application of total pressure to the surface (container) is called CENTER OF PRESSURE. It is
denoted generally by notation ‘h*’.
•Generally, there are four different surfaces where fluid pressure can be applied: horizontal, vertical, inclined
and curved surface.
VERTICAL PLANE SURFACE SUBMERGED IN LIQUID
•Let us consider a plane vertical surface of any shape immersed in liquid, as represented in the figure.
Then A = Area of surface
= Distance of CG of the area from free surface of the liquid
G = Center of Gravity of plane surface
P = Center of Pressure
h* = Distance of Center of Pressure from free surface of liquid
VERTICAL PLANE SURFACE SUBMERGED IN LIQUID
•Total Pressure Force (F)
Let us consider a thin strip of height dh and width b as shown in the figure. Pressure on the thin strip can be
calculated. Total pressure on the entire body can be computed by integrating pressure on such smaller strips.
From our definition, Pressure on thin strip, dP = ρgh = γh
Area of the strip, dA = bdh
Pressure force on the strip, dF = PdA = γh* bdh
Now, Total pressure force on entire surface, F =
=
But, we know that is moment of surface area about free surface of liquid, and can be represented by A*.
Therefore, the total pressure force becomes F = γA
VERTICAL PLANE SURFACE SUBMERGED IN LIQUID
•Center of Pressure (h*)
Center of pressure is calculated by the principle of moments, which states that ‘the moment of resultant force about a certain axis equals the
sum of moments of individual forces about the same axis.’
The resultant force is ‘F’, acting at point P with a distance of h* from the free surface, as shown in the figure.
The moment of individual forces dF acting on the strip about the free surface of the liquid can be represented as:
dF X h
γhX bdhX h
Sum of moments of all forces about free surface = ==
is the moment of inertia of surface about free surface of liquid = Io
Therefore, sum of moments about free surface = γIo
Moment of resultant force about free surface of liquid = F X h*
Equating the moments,
F X h* = γIo

By parallel axis theorem,


Io = IG +A
The final expression becomes h* = (IG +A/
VERTICAL PLANE SURFACE SUBMERGED IN LIQUID
•Hence, two vital conclusions can be drawn from the expression:
1. Center of Pressure (h*) lies below the center of gravity of the vertical surface.
2. The distance of Center of Pressure from the free surface of liquid is independent of the density of liquid.
MOMENT OF INERTIA OF SOME COMMON
GEOMETRICAL FIGURES
HORIZONTAL PLANE SURFACE SUBMERGED IN LIQUID
Consider a plane horizontal surface immersed in static liquid. As every point of the plane is at the same depth
from the free surface of liquid, the pressure intensity is equal on the entire surface and equal to:
P = γh, where h is the depth of surface
If A be the total area of the surface, total force F can be written as F = γhA = γA
where, = depth of CG from the free surface of the water
h* = depth of center of pressure from the free surface =
INCLINED PLANE SURFACE SUBMERGED IN LIQUID
Let us consider a plane surface immersed in
liquid such that the plane surface makes an
angle θ with horizontal free water surface level,
as shown in the figure

Then A = Area of surface


θ = angle made by plane to the horizontal
water level
= Distance of CG of the area from free
surface of the liquid
G = Center of Gravity of plane surface
P = Center of Pressure
h* = Distance of Center of Pressure from
free surface of liquid
z = distance of strip from axis A-A
= distance of CG of plane from axis A-A
z* = distance of CP from plane A-A
INCLINED PLANE SURFACE SUBMERGED IN LIQUID
Total Pressure Force (F)
Let us consider a thin strip of height dh and width b as shown in the figure. Pressure on the thin strip can be
calculated. Total pressure on the entire body can be computed by integrating pressure on such smaller strips.
From our definition, Pressure on thin strip, dP = ρgh = γh
Area of the strip, dA = bdy
Pressure force on the strip, dF = PdA = γh* bdh
But, from figure, Sinθ =
Pressure force now becomes, dF = γ.z.Sinθ. b.dh
Now, Total pressure force on entire surface, F =
=
But, we know that is moment of surface area about free surface of liquid, and can be represented by A*.
Therefore, the total pressure force becomes F = γA = γA
INCLINED PLANE SURFACE SUBMERGED IN LIQUID
Center of Pressure (h*)
Center of pressure is calculated by the principle of moments, which states that ‘the moment of resultant force
about a certain axis equals the sum of moments of individual forces about the same axis.’
The resultant force is ‘F’, acting at point P with a distance of h* from the free surface, as shown in the figure.
The moment of individual forces dF acting on the strip about the inclined plane A-A can be represented as:
dF X z
γ.zSinθ.dA.z = γ.z2Sinθ.dA
Sum of moments of all forces about inclined plane A-A =
=
=
is the moment of inertia of surface about inclined surface A-A = I o
Therefore, sum of moments about free surface = γ.Sin θ.Io
Moment of resultant force about free surface of liquid = F X z*
INCLINED PLANE SURFACE SUBMERGED IN LIQUID
Equating the moments,
F X z* = γ.Sin θ.Io

By parallel axis theorem,


Io = IG +A
The final expression becomes z* = (IG +A/ But, by geometry, Sinθ =
CURVED PLANE SURFACE SUBMERGED IN LIQUID
In curved surfaces, we do not use
direct integration method. However,
we prepare a free body diagram that
assesses the amount/ force due to
water above or below the curves
surface which will determine the
forces. Additionally, the inclined forces
are resolved into horizontal and
vertical components and the forces are
calculated.
Let us consider a curved plane surface
submerged in liquid as shown in the
figure. The elementary area be dA at
depth h from free surface of liquid and
let us assume the angle of inclination
with horizontal is θ.
CURVED PLANE SURFACE SUBMERGED IN LIQUID
Total Pressure Force (F)
Pressure on thin strip, dP = ρgh = γh
Area of the strip, dA = bdy
Pressure force on the strip, dF = PdA = γh* bdy
Let us resolve the curved plane into horizontal and vertical pressure force components Px and Py respectively.
Therefore, by geometry,
Px = P.Sinθ and Py =P.Cosθ
i.e. dPx = γ.h.dA.Sinθ and dPy = γ.h.dA.Cosθ
CURVED PLANE SURFACE SUBMERGED IN LIQUID
In horizontal component, dA.Sinθ represents the projection of curved surface on free surface. Therefore, the
total horizontal component can be supposed to contain all the elemental forces of the curved surface. This
means, the total horizontal forces acting on the curved surface is the total force acting on the projection of
curved surface in vertical plane, normal to the plane of curvature.
Total horizontal component of pressure, Px =
Px = = γA
Similarly, Py represents the projection of curved surface on horizontal plane. Therefore, the total vertical
component of the force on curved surface should equate the force by volume of water covered by the curve.
Total horizontal component of pressure, Px =
Px =
The net resultant forces can be found by the principle of parallelogram of forces, i.e.

The direction of the force can be found by relation:


COMPUTATION OF PRESSURE FORCES ON GATES, DAMS,
HEAD WATER TANK AND OTHER HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
(PLANE AND CURVE)
COMPUTATION OF PRESSURE FORCES ON GATES, DAMS,
HEAD WATER TANK AND OTHER HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
(PLANE AND CURVE)

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