Lesson 9.3 Electromagnetism

ELECTROMAGNETISM
LESSON 9.3
WHAT IS
ELECTROMANETISM
?
A branch of physics that
deals with the study of
electric and magnetic
fields, their interactions,
and their effects on
charged particles
Imagine a world without
Using phone
Watching TV
Air conditioner or
electric fan
Not able to use anything
that plugs into the socket
Relationship Between
Electricity & Magnetism
Electricity can create magnetism
Moving charges create a magnetic field around the

wire carrying that current
Can a magnetic field be used to make charges

move?
Magnetism From
Electricity
Han Cristian Oersted (1820)

Danish Physicist
 Hediscovered that a
moving charge or a
current carrying wire
produces a magnetic field
around it in addition to its
electric field.
Han Cristian Oersted
 In 1820 he was doing a demonstration using

electric current.
 As he passed current through a wire, a compass
needle deflected.
 He discovered that magnetism is related to
electricity.
RIGHT HAND
RULE
 Gasp the wire with the right hand in
such a way that the thumb points the
direction of the conventional current (I)
 The finger curls in the direction of the

magnetic field (B).
 When the current passes through a

straight wire, the magnetic lines of force
form concentric circles with their center
at the axis of and their planes
perpendicular to the wire
André-Marie Ampére
French Physicist
 Conducted experiments
conclude that electric
current passing through a
coil or solenoid produces
an electric field.
André-Marie
Ampére
THE MAGNETIC FIELD
PRODUCED IS STRONGER THAN
THAT OF A STRAIGHT WIRE.
IN THIS CASE, IF THE FINGER

OF THE RIGHT HAND IS
CURLED IN THE DIRECTION OF
CURRENT, THEN THE THUMB
POINT N POLE OF THE FIELD
André-Marie Ampére
 Ampere later formulated a law for computing the magnetic

field for different conductor configurations.
 Designthe prototype galvanometer to measure current

based on the deflection of a magnetic needle.
Jean-Baptiste Biot &
Felix Sarvart
Formulated the Biot-
Sarvart law for
determining the magnetic
field at a space due to an
electric current.
Jean-Baptiste Biot Felix Sarvart
In addition to the discovery that a moving charge
creates a magnetic field, It was also found that the
magnetic field exerts a force on a moving charge
or on a current-carrying conductor. The
magnitude of this force for a moving charge is
given by the formula.
F=qvBsinθ
F=qvBsinθ
Where:
 F is the force
 q is the charge
 V is the magnitude of the velocity pf the moving charge
 B is the magnitude of the magnetic field
 θ is the angle between the direction of the velocity of the charge
and the magnetic field
F=ILBsinθ
 In case of a current-carrying conductor of length L, the

force exerted by the magnetic field is given as
 Where θ is the angle between the length of the conductor

and the magnetic field
One of the applications of this
effect of magnetic field is the
mechanism behind motor. It consist
of a coil place in a magnetic field. It
works with the principle that
magnetic field exerts force on a
moving charge. This force rotates
the attached the shaft and the
rotation does the work.
Ampère showed that two parallel current-carrying
wires attract each other magnetically if the current
are in the same direction; They repel each other if
the current are in opposite directions. This
experiment led him to formulate a law known as
Ampère force law, which allows for the
determination of the magnitude and direction of the
magnetic forces acting upon two current-carrying
wire in proximity to one another.
The Ampere’s law is also the basis for the standard
definition of a current. A current of one ampere is the
constant current which, if maintained in two straight
parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible
circular cross section, and placed one meter apart in
vacuum, would produce between these conductors a
force equal to 2 X 10-7 N per unit length. Recall that a
current of one ampere constitutes a charge of one
coulomb passing a given point in one second.
Sample Problem
A’ 10 micro coulomb charge travels with a velocity

of 6 X 106 m/s in a direction perpendicular to a
magnetic field of magnitude 0.8 T. Find the
magnitude of the force exerted on the charge by the
magnetic field.
Practice Exercise
What must be the angle between the magnetic

field and the velocity of charge in the previous
sample problem, for the force to be reduced by
one half of its original value
Electricity From Magnetism
If electric current produces a magnetic field, then the

reverse is also true—a changing magnetic field can
produce electric current in a process called
electromagnetic induction. The current and the
electromotive force produced are called induced current
and induced EMF, respectively.
Two major laws govern electromagnetic
induction:
 Faraday's law
states that an induced current (and hence induced EMF) is produced
whenever there is a change in magnetic flux in a circuit. The induced EMF is
proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux.
 Lenz's law
states that the induced current flows In a direction so as to oppose the
change causing it
These two laws are demonstrated in the
following experiments performed by
Faraday
 In one of his experiments, Faraday connected a coil of

wire to a galvanometer as shown in figure below
 He noticed that the meter registered a brief current
when he moved the bar magnet quickly toward the
coil. Pulling the bar magnet away from the coil also
produced a brief current but in opposite direction.
When the magnet was stationary, no current was
detected.
 As the magnet is moved quickly into the coil, the magnetic
field at the coil becomes stronger. An induced current flows in
a direction so as to produce some magnetic field lines from
right to left
 As the magnet is moved quickly into the coil, the magnetic

field at the coil becomes stronger. An induced current flows in
a direction so as to produce some magnetic field lines from
right to left,
 Pulling the bar magnet out weakens the magnetic field.
A current is induced in such a direction as to produce
more flux through the coil, making the near end a south
pole to prevent the bar magnet from moving away
Unifying Electricity and Magnetism
 James Clerk Maxwell

realized that the results Of independent studies about
electricity and magnetism revealed that they are not distinct Electric-icy
and magnetism are but manifestations of a single force—
electromagnetic force.
devised sec of four mathematical equations that unified electric
and magnetic phenomena into what is now known as electromagnetic
theory. His equations, which form the basis of electromagnetism, are in
differential form but in essence may be stated as follows
Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.
Magnetic monopoles do not exist.
A changing electric field produces a
magnetic field.
A changing magnetic field produces an
electric field.
Maxwell demonstrated that changing electric and magnetic
fields travel through space in the form of waves and at the
speed of light.
Discovery of Radio Waves
Heinrich Hertz was credited

for having discovered radio
waves in the late 1880s. A
diagram of his setup is shown
in figure
 Hertz’s apparatus consisted of two
metal balls connected to two brass
plates that served as transmitter.
 An induction coil was used to
produce electric sparks between the
two brass balls.
 A coil of wire with a small spark
gap acted as a receiver.
 As sparks jumped across the two
brass balls in the transmitter, sparks
were also observed in the gap in the
receiver.


Hertz reasoned out that the sparks in the transmitter setup
changing magnetic and electric fields that propagated as
waves to the receiver. When these waves reached the
receiver, the changing electric field cause the charges in
loop to oscillate, producing the spark
Hertz determined that these waves travel at the speed of
light and have frequencies ranging from 50 MHz to 500
MHz. These waves were formerly called Hertzian waves
and later radio waves. The unit of frequency is hertz, in
honor of Heinrich Hertz
ABM B – FIDUCIARY
JERICHO JACA
DESIREE OCTAVIO
KRISTIN PIANO

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ELECTROMAGNETISM

Electricity can create magnetism

Moving charges create a magnetic field around the

Can a magnetic field be used to make charges

Han Cristian Oersted (1820)

 In 1820 he was doing a demonstration using

 The finger curls in the direction of the

 When the current passes through a

IN THIS CASE, IF THE FINGER

 Ampere later formulated a law for computing the magnetic

 Designthe prototype galvanometer to measure current

 In case of a current-carrying conductor of length L, the

 Where θ is the angle between the length of the conductor

A’ 10 micro coulomb charge travels with a velocity

What must be the angle between the magnetic

If electric current produces a magnetic field, then the

 In one of his experiments, Faraday connected a coil of

 As the magnet is moved quickly into the coil, the magnetic

 James Clerk Maxwell

Heinrich Hertz was credited

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