CENTRE OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES

LINCOLN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

Seminar/Proposal/Research Progress PRESENTATION

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Implication Of Choosing Correct
Framework For Autentic Study
Design
 Research Design

• Research design refers to the overall plan or

strategy that a researcher uses to conduct a
study. It encompasses the process of selecting
a research question or hypothesis, defining the
scope of the study, selecting a research
methodology, collecting and analyzing data,
and drawing conclusions.
 Functions of Research Design
• Research design refers to the plan or strategy that a
researcher employs to carry out a study. It is the
blueprint that outlines the framework and
methodology of a research project. The main
functions of research design are:To provide a clear
direction and focus: A well-designed research plan
helps researchers to identify their research questions,
research objectives, and the most appropriate research
methods to address their research problem. It
provides clarity and direction, which helps to avoid
confusion and to ensure that the research is carried
out efficiently and effectively.
• To ensure reliability and validity of the research
findings: A good research design ensures that the
research findings are accurate, reliable, and valid. By
selecting appropriate research methods and
techniques, researchers can reduce the possibility of
errors and biases in their research data.

• To control extraneous variables: A research design

helps to control extraneous variables that may affect
the study's outcome. By selecting appropriate
research methods and techniques, researchers can
minimize the effects of these variables, which helps
to ensure that the research findings are more accurate
and reliable.
• To provide a basis for data analysis: A well-
designed research plan helps researchers to collect
and analyze data in a systematic and logical way. This
facilitates data analysis and ensures that the results
are valid and reliable.

• To facilitate the replication of the study: A good

research design facilitates the replication of the study
by other researchers. By providing a clear and
detailed description of the research methods and
techniques used, researchers can enable others to
reproduce their study and verify their findings.
• In summary, the functions of research design
are to provide direction, ensure the reliability
and validity of research findings, control
extraneous variables, facilitate data analysis,
and enable the replication of the study.
Guideline and Principal in Research
Design
• Research design refers to the overall plan and
strategy for conducting research. Here are
some guidelines and principles to keep in mind
when designing a research study:

• Clearly define your research question: Your

research question should be specific, focused,
and answerable.
• Choose an appropriate research design: The
research design you choose should be suitable for
answering your research question. Common research
designs include experimental, quasi-experimental,
correlational, and descriptive.

• Use a representative sample: The sample you use

should be representative of the population you are
studying.
• Ensure reliability and validity: Your research
should be reliable and valid, meaning that it is
accurate and consistent.

• Consider ethical implications: Your research should

be conducted ethically, with respect for the dignity
and privacy of participants.
• Use appropriate data collection methods: Your data
collection methods should be appropriate for your
research design and should be reliable and valid.
• Analyze and interpret your data Your data should
be analyzed and interpreted accurately, using
appropriate statistical methods.Communicate your
findings clearly: Your research findings should be
communicated clearly, accurately, and objectively, in
a format that is appropriate for your audience.
• Overall, a good research design should be well-
planned, well-executed, and contribute to advancing
knowledge in your field.
• There are different types of research designs,
including:
• Experimental design: Involves manipulating one
or more variables to determine the effect on a
dependent variable. Participants are randomly
assigned to different groups and the researcher
controls the experimental conditions.
• Quasi-experimental design: Similar to experimental
design, but lacks the ability to randomly assign
participants to groups. The researcher may still
manipulate one or more variables and measure their
effect on the dependent variable.

• Correlational design: Measures the relationship

between two or more variables without manipulating
them. Correlational studies can provide valuable
information about the strength and direction of
relationships between variables.
• Case study design: Involves an in-depth
investigation of a particular case, such as an
individual, group, organization, or event. Case studies
can provide rich, detailed data but may not be
generalizable to other populations.

• Survey design: Collects data from a large sample of

participants through questionnaires or interviews.
Surveys can provide quantitative data on a wide range
of topics and are often used to assess attitudes,
beliefs, and behaviors.
• Mixed-methods design: Combines two or more
research methods, such as surveys and focus groups,
to provide a more comprehensive understanding of a
research question.

• The choice of research design depends on the

research question, available resources, and ethical
considerations. A well-designed research study should
be valid, reliable, and ethical.
 Realibility and Validity of Research
• Reliability and validity are two important concepts in
research that help to ensure the accuracy and
consistency of study results.
• Reliability refers to the consistency of measurement
over time or across different observers. A study is
considered reliable if the results obtained from the
study are consistent and can be replicated. There are
different methods for testing reliability, including
test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and
internal consistency reliability.
• Validity, on the other hand, refers to the degree to
which a study accurately measures what it is intended
to measure. There are different types of validity,
including face validity, content validity, construct
validity, and criterion validity. Face validity refers to
whether a measure appears to measure what it is
intended to measure. Content validity refers to the
extent to which a measure covers all aspects of the
concept being measured. Construct validity refers to
whether a measure actually measures the theoretical
construct it is intended to measure. Criterion validity
refers to the degree to which a measure correlates
with other measures of the same construct or with a
criterion variable.
• In order for a study to be considered valid, it must
also be reliable. If a measure is unreliable, it cannot
be considered valid, because inconsistent results may
be due to measurement error rather than true
differences between groups or variables.

• Overall, ensuring reliability and validity in research is

essential for producing trustworthy results that can be
used to make accurate inferences and conclusions.
 Treats of Validity
• Validity refers to the extent to which a measure or test
accurately and meaningfully measures what it is
intended to measure. There are several types of
validity that can be considered when assessing the
quality of a measure or test:
• Content validity: This type of validity refers to the
extent to which a measure or test covers all aspects of
the construct it is intended to measure. To establish
content validity, experts in the field should review the
measure and agree that it adequately represents the
construct.
• Construct validity: This type of validity refers to the
extent to which a measure or test accurately measures
the underlying construct it is intended to measure.
This can be established by comparing the results of
the measure to other measures or tests that assess the
same construct, or by examining the relationships
between the measure and other variables that are
theoretically related to the construct.
• Criterion validity: This type of validity refers to the
extent to which a measure or test accurately predicts a
relevant outcome or criterion. For example, a test that
is designed to predict academic performance should
be shown to be related to actual academic
performance.
• Face validity: This type of validity refers to the
extent to which a measure or test appears, on its face,
to measure what it is intended to measure. Face
validity is not a very strong form of validity, as it is
based solely on subjective judgment.

• Overall, when evaluating the validity of a measure or

test, it is important to consider multiple types of
validity and to gather evidence from a variety of
sources.
 Characterization Of Research Design
• Research design refers to the overall plan or structure
that guides a research project. It encompasses various
components, such as the research questions,
hypotheses, methodology, data collection and
analysis techniques, and ethical considerations. The
characterization of research design depends on
several factors, including the nature of the research
problem, the research questions, and the available
resources.
• Experimental Design: This type of research
design involves manipulating one or more variables
to determine their effects on the outcome of interest.
It typically involves random assignment of
participants to experimental and control groups and
controlling extraneous variables to isolate the effects
of the independent variable.
 Manuplation In Research
• Manipulation in research refers to the deliberate or
unintentional alteration of study data or results to
achieve a desired outcome. This can occur in several
ways, including:
• Selective reporting: Only reporting the results that
support the hypothesis or theory, while ignoring those
that contradict it.
• Data fabrication: Inventing data or results that were
never actually collected in the study.
• Data falsification: Manipulating or changing actual
data to make it fit with the desired outcome.
• Hiding negative results: Failing to report or
publish results that do not support the
hypothesis or theory.
• Cherry-picking data: Selecting only certain
data points or results that support the
hypothesis or theory while ignoring others that
do not.
• Using biased samples: Choosing participants
or groups that are not representative of the
population being studied.
• Manipulation in research can have serious
consequences, including harming public trust
in research and scientific institutions, and
leading to incorrect or harmful conclusions. To
prevent manipulation in research, it is
important to adhere to rigorous ethical
standards, conduct studies with transparency,
and report all results, even if they do not
support the original hypothesis.
 Results of Research Design
• The results of a research design will depend on the
specific research question, the data collected, and the
methods used to analyze the data. Generally speaking,
the results of a research design should provide
answers to the research questions and test the
hypotheses or predictions that were formulated at the
beginning of the study.
• If the research design was well-constructed and
executed properly, the results should be valid,
reliable, and generalizable to the larger population.
The researcher should be able to draw conclusions
and make recommendations based on the findings.
• The results may include tables, graphs, or statistical
analyses that illustrate the relationships or patterns
identified in the data. The researcher may also
provide a summary of the key findings and their
implications for theory or practice.

• It is important to note that not all research designs

will produce statistically significant results or provide
definitive answers to research questions. Negative
results can also be valuable in providing insights into
what does not work or what needs to be improved in
future studies.
• Reference
• 1. Ahuja Ram, (2010), Research Method, New Delhi: Rawat
• Publication
• 2. Ahuja Ram, (2010), Research Methodology, New Delhi: Rawat
• Publication
• 3. Borwankar P.V., (1995), Research Methodology, New Delhi: Seth
• Publisher
• 4. Claire Selltiz and others, (1962), Research Methods in Social
• Sciences, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston: Published for
• the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues
• Coldwel D. and Herbst F.J., (2004), Business Research, Cape
• Town: Juta and Company Ltd
• 6. Crotty, M., (1998), The foundations of social Research: Meaning
• and Perspective in the Research Process, London: Sage
• Publication
• 7. Dawson Catherine, (2002), Practical Research Methods, New
• Delhi: UBS Publisher‟s Distributors
• 8. Gupta Mukul and Gupta Deepa, (2011), Research Methodology,
• New Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited
•Thank you