Lecture 2 Dynamics Malik Hassan GIKI

ME 212 – Dynamics
Instructor: Malik Hassan
Lecture 2
Kinematics of a particle: Objectives
• Concepts such as position, displacement, velocity and acceleration are introduced

• Study the motion of particles along a straight line. Graphical representation
• Investigation of a particle motion along a curved path. Use of different coordinate
systems
• Analysis of dependent motion of two particles
• Principles of relative motion of two particles. Use of translating axis
2
Erratic (discontinuous) motion
Graphing provides a good way to handle complex motions that would be difficult to
describe with formulas. Graphs also provide a visual description of motion and
reinforce the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration as used in dynamics
The approach builds on the facts that slope and differentiation are linked and that
integration can be thought of as finding the area under a curve
3
s-t graph  construct v-t
Plots of position vs. time can be used to
find velocity vs. time curves. Finding the
slope of the line tangent to the motion
curve at any point is the velocity at that
point
(or )
Therefore, the graph can be constructed

by finding the slope at various points
along the graph
Also, the distance moved (displacement) of the

particle is the area under the graph during
time
4
v-t graph  construct a-t
Plots of velocity vs. time can be used to find

acceleration vs. time curves. Finding the slope
of the line tangent to the velocity curve at any
point is the acceleration at that point (or )
Therefore, the graph can be constructed by finding the slope at

various points along the graph
5
a-t graph  construct v-t
Given the curve, the change in velocity

() during a time period is the area under
the curve.
So we can construct a graph from an

graph if we know the initial velocity of
the particle
6
v-t graph  construct s-t
We begin with initial position and add

algebraically increments determined from the
graph
Equations described by graphs may be

integrated in order to yield equations that
describe segments of the graph
7
Example 1
A bicycle moves along a straight road such that it
position is described by the graph as shown.
Construct the v-t and a-t graphs for 0 ≤ t ≤ 30s.
8
9
EXAMPLE 2
A test car starts from rest
and travels along a
straight track such that it
accelerates at a constant
rate for 10 s and then
decelerates at a constant
rate. Draw the v-t and s-t
graphs and determine the
time t’ needed to stop the
car. How far has the car
traveled?
10
Solution:
v-t Graph. The v-t graph can be determined by
integrating the straight-line segments of the a-t
graph. Using initial condition v = 0 when t = 0,
v t
0  t  10s a  10; 
0
dv   10 dt , v  10t
0
11
When t = 10s, v = 100m/s, using this as initial
condition for the next time period, we have
v t
10 s  t  t ; a  2;  100
dv    2 dt , v  2t  120
10
When t = t’ we require v = 0. This yield t’ = 60 s

s-t Graph. Integrating the eqns of the v-t graph
yields the corresponding eqns of the s-t graph.
Using the initial conditions s = 0 when t = 0,
s t
0  t  10 s; v  10t ; 
0
ds   10t dt , s  5t 2
0
12
When t = 10s, s = 500m. Using this initial condition,
s t
10 s  t  60 s; v  2t  120;  ds    2t  120dt
500 10
s  t 2  120t  600
When t’ = 60s, the position is s = 3000m
13
A couple of cases more…
A couple of cases that are a bit more …

COMPLEX… and therefore need more
attention!!!
14
a-s graph  construct v-s
A more complex case is presented by the

acceleration versus position or graph. The
area under the curve represents the change in
velocity
This equation can be solved for , allowing

you to solve for the velocity at a point. By
doing this repeatedly, you can create a plot of
velocity versus distance.
15
v-s graph  construct a-s
Another complex case is presented by the velocity

vs. distance or graph.
By reading the velocity at a point on the curve
and multiplying it by the slope of the curve at the
same point, we can obtain the acceleration at that
point. Recall the formula
Thus, we can obtain an plot from the curve.
16
EXAMPLE 3
The v-s graph describing the motion of a motorcycle
is shown in Fig 12-15a. Construct the a-s graph of
the motion and determine the time needed for the
motorcycle to reach the position s = 120 m.
17
EXAMPLE 3
Solution:
a-s Graph. Since the eqns for the segments of the
v-s graph are given, a-s graph can be determined
using a ds = v dv.
0  s  60m; v  0.2s  3
dv
av  0.04 s  0.6
ds
60m  s  120m; v  15;
dv
av 0
ds
18
Time. The time can be obtained using v-s graph
and v = ds/dt. For the first segment of motion, s = 0
at t = 0,
ds ds
0  s  60m; v  0.2s  3; dt  
v 0.2  3
t s ds
o dt  0 0.2s  3
t  5 ln(0.2 s  3)  5 ln 3
At s = 60 m, t = 8.05 s
19
For second segment of motion,
ds ds
60  s  120m; v  15; dt  
v 15
t s ds
8.05 dt  60 15
s
t   4.05
15
At s = 120 m, t = 12.0 s
20

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ME 212 – Dynamics

Instructor: Malik Hassan

• Concepts such as position, displacement, velocity and acceleration are introduced

Therefore, the graph can be constructed

Also, the distance moved (displacement) of the

Plots of velocity vs. time can be used to find

Therefore, the graph can be constructed by finding the slope at

Given the curve, the change in velocity

So we can construct a graph from an

We begin with initial position and add

Equations described by graphs may be

When t = t’ we require v = 0. This yield t’ = 60 s

When t’ = 60s, the position is s = 3000m

A couple of cases that are a bit more …

A more complex case is presented by the

This equation can be solved for , allowing

Another complex case is presented by the velocity

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