‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

INTRODUCTION TO
BIOSTATISTICS

Wayel Elamin Mustafa

 BIOSTATISTICS

(A word made from biology and statistics)

The application of statistics to a wide range of topics in
biology.
 BIOSTATISTICS

It is the science which deals with development and

application of the most appropriate methods for the:
Collection of data.
Presentation of the collected data.
Analysis and interpretation of the results.
Making decisions on the basis of such analysis
 OTHER DEFINITIONS FOR
“STATISTICS”

Frequently used in referral to recorded data

Denotes characteristics calculated for a set of data :
sample mean
 ROLE OF STATISTICIANS

 To guide the design of an experiment or survey prior to

data collection

 To analyze data using proper statistical procedures and

techniques

 To present and interpret the results to researchers and

other decision makers
 Sources of data

Records Surveys Experiments

Comprehensive Sample
 TYPES OF DATA

Constant
Variables
 Types of variables

Quantitative variables Qualitative variables

Quantitative Qualitative
continuos nominal

Quantitative Qualitative
descrete ordinal
 Methods of presentation of data

Numerical presentation
Graphical presentation
Mathematical presentation
 1- NUMERICAL PRESENTATION
Tabular presentation (simple – complex)

Simple frequency distribution Table (S.F.D.T.)

Title
Name of variable
(Units of variable) Frequency %

-
- Categories
-

Total
 Table (I): Distribution of 50 patients at the surgical
department of Kassala hospital in May 2018 according to
their ABO blood groups

Blood group Frequency %

A 12 24
B 18 36
AB 5 10
O 15 30
Total 50 100
 Table (II): Distribution of 50 patients at the surgical
department of Kassala hospital in May 2018 according to
their age

Age Frequency %
(years)
20-<30 12 24
30- 18 36
40- 5 10
50+ 15 30
Total 50 100
 Complex frequency distribution Table

Table (III): Distribution of 20 lung cancer patients at the chest department of

Kassala hospital and 40 controls in May 2018 according to smoking

Lung cancer
Total
Smoking Cases Control
No. % No. % No. %
Smoker 15 75% 8 20% 23 38.33
Non
smoker 5 25% 32 80% 37 61.67

Total 20 100 40 100 60 100

 Complex frequency distribution Table

Table (IV): Distribution of 60 patients at the chest department of

Kassala hospital in May 2018 according to smoking & lung cancer

Lung cancer
Total
Smoking positive negative
No. % No. % No. %
Smoker 15 65.2 8 34.8 23 100
Non
smoker 5 13.5 32 86.5 37 100

Total 20 33.3 40 66.7 60 100

 2- GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION

 Graphs drawn using Cartesian coordinates

• Line graph
• Frequency polygon
• Frequency curve
• Histogram
• Bar graph
• Scatter plot

 Pie chart

 Statistical maps rules

 Year MMR
LINE GRAPH 1960 50
1970 45
1980 26
MMR/1000
1990 15
60
2000 12
50
40
30
20
10
0
Year
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Figure (1): Maternal mortality rate of (country), 1960-2000

 FREQUENCY POLYGON

Age Sex Mid-point of interval

(years)
Males Females

20 - 3 (12%) 2 (10%) (20+30) / 2 = 25

30 - 9 (36%) 6 (30%) (30+40) / 2 = 35
40- 7 (8%) 5 (25%) (40+50) / 2 = 45
50 - 4 (16%) 3 (15%) (50+60) / 2 = 55
60 - 70 2 (8%) 4 (20%) (60+70) / 2 = 65
Total 25(100%) 20(100%)
 Sex
Age M-P
FREQUENCY POLYGON M F
20- (12%) (10%) 25
30- (36%) (30%) 35
Males Females 40- (8%) (25%) 45
%
50- (16%) (15%) 55
40
60-70 (8%) (20%) 65
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Age
25 35 45 55 65

Figure (2): Distribution of 45 patients at (place) , in (time) by age and sex

 Frequency curve
9

8 Female

7 Male

6
Frequency

5
4
3

0
20- 30- 40- 50- 60-69
Age in years
 Distribution of a group of cholera patients by age

HISTOGRAM Age (years)

25-
Frequency
3
%
14.3
30- 5 23.8
40- 7 33.3
45- 4 19.0
60-65 2 9.5

% 35 Total 21 100

30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Age (years)
Figure (2): Distribution of 100 cholera patients at (place) , in (time)
by age
 BAR CHART
%
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Single Married Divorced Widowed
Marital status
 BAR CHART
%
50
Male
40 Female

30
20
10
0
Single Married Divorced Widowed
Marital status
 PIE CHART

Deletion
Inversion
3%
18%

Translocation
79%
DOUGHNUT CHART

Hospital B

DM
Hospital A IHD
Renal
3-MATHEMATICAL PRESENTATION
SUMMERY STATISTICS

Measures of location
1- Measures of central tendency
2- Measures of non central locations (Quartiles, Percentiles )
Measures of dispersion
Summery statistics

1- MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY (AVERAGES)

Midrange
Smallest observation + Largest observation
2

Mode
the value which occurs with the greatest frequency i.e. the most common value
Summery statistics

1- MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY (CONT.)

Median
the observation which lies in the middle of the ordered observation.

Arithmetic mean (mean)

Sum of all observations
Number of observations
 MEASURES OF DISPERSION

Range
Variance
Standard deviation
Semi-interquartile range
Coefficient of variation

“Standard error”
 STANDARD DEVIATION SD

7 7 7 8 3 2
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 13
7 6 9

Mean = 7 Mean = 7 Mean = 7

SD=0 SD=±0.58 SD=±3.70
 STANDARD ERROR OF MEAN SE
A measure of variability among means of samples
selected from certain population, or is a measure of the
dispersion of sample means around the population
mean.

S
SE (Mean) = n