Networking Fundamentals

NETWORKING
FUNDAMENTALS
SUBMITTED TO: ER. ANSHIKA SALARIA SUBMITTED BY:

ASHUTOSH THAKUR
(18BT020408)
GARGI SHARMA
(1902042003)
CONTENTS
• What is a Network
• Categories of Network
• Network Model
• IP Addressing
• Data Communication Terminologies
• Network Devices
• Data Transmission Modes
• Advantages
• CISCO Packet Tracer
WHAT IS A NETWORK?
• A network is a collection of computers, servers, mainframes, network

devices, peripherals, or other devices connected to allow data sharing. An
example of a network is the Internet, which connects millions of people all
over the world. To the right is an example image of a home network with
multiple computers and other network devices all connected.
CATEGORIES OF NETWORK
 Local Area Network(LAN)
 Wide Area Network(WAN)
• Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)

LOCAL AREA NETWORK
• A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a relatively small

area. It is generally limited to a geographic area such as a writing lab, school,
or building. Computers connected to a network are broadly categorized as
servers or workstations.
WIDE AREA NETWORK
• Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect networks in larger geographic areas,

such as Florida, the United States, or the world. Dedicated transoceanic
cabling or satellite uplinks may be used to connect this type of global
network.
METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK
• A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic area by

interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger network . Government agencies
use MAN to connect to the citizens and private industries . In MAN, various LANs
are connected to each other through a telephone exchange line.
NETWORK MODELS
• A network model is a database model that is designed as a flexible approach

to representing objects and their relationships. A unique feature of the
network model is its schema, which is viewed as a graph where relationship
types are arcs and object types are nodes.
There are two type of Network Model
• OSI Model
• TCP/IP Model
OSI MODEL
TCP/IP MODEL
IP ADDRESSING
• An IP address is a unique address that identifies a device on the internet or a

local network. IP stands for "Internet Protocol," which is the set of rules
governing the format of data sent via the internet or local network. In
essence, IP addresses are the identifier that allows information to be sent
between devices on a network: they contain location information and make
devices accessible for communication.
IPV4 ADDRESSING
• It is a current version and the most commonly used IP address. It is a 32-bit

address written in four numbers separated by a dot (.), i.e., periods. This
address is unique for each device. For example, 66.94.29.13.
• IPv4 supports three different types of addressing modes:
 Unicast Addressing Mode
 Broadcast Addressing Mode
 Multicast Addressing Mode
IPV6 ADDRESSING
• All IPv6 addresses are 128-bit hexadecimal addresses, written in 8 separate

sections having each of them have 16 bits. As the IPv6 addresses are
represented in a hexadecimal format, their sections range from 0 to FFFF.
Each section is separated by colons (:). It also allows to removes the starting
zeros (0) of each 16-bit section. If two or more consecutive sections 16-bit
contains all zeros (0 : 0), they can be compressed using double colons (::).
DATA COMMUNICATION TERMINOLOGIES
• Server: A computer that facilitates the sharing of data, software and hardware
resources on the network is termed as a server.
• Server can be of two types
I. Non- dedicated
II. Dedicated
• Nodes: The term nodes refers to the computers that are attached to a network and
are seeking to to share the resources of the network.
• Data Channel: Channel simply means a path to carry or flow. Data channel
means the flow of data or to carry the data from one device to another. In
other words, we can say the data channel is a computer path or medium used
to transfer the data from sender to receiver.
• Bits Per Second(bps): Its symbol id “bits/s”. It can be present in two forms
i.e. bps. It’s also a measurement unit of speed at which the data is transferred.
• Bandwidth: It’s the range of frequencies over which a communication system
works. It generally measures the amount of data that can be transferred in a
given amount of time over a data channel.
NETWORK DEVICES
1. HUB: A hub is a hardware device used to connect several computers
together.
Active: Electrically amplify the signals it moves from one connected device to
another.
Passive: It allow the signal to pass from one computer to another without any
change.
SWITCH
• A switch is a device that is used to segment networks into different sub-

network called subnets or LAN segment.
REPEATER
• A repeater is a network device that amplifies and restores signals for long-
distance transmission.
BRIDGE
• A bridge is a network device that establishes an intelligent connection

between two local networks with the same standard but with different types
of cables.
ROUTER
• A Router is a network device that is used to separate different segments in a
network to improve performance and reliability. A router works like a bridge
but can handle different protocols.
DATA TRANSMISSION MODE
• Data Transmission mode defines the direction of the flow of information between two communication
devices. It is also called Data Communication or Directional Mode. It specifies the direction of the flow of
information from one place to another in a computer network.
• The data transmission modes can be characterized in the following three types based on the
direction of exchange of information:
1. Simplex
2. Half-Duplex
3. Full Duplex
1. SIMPLEX
• Simplex is the data transmission mode in which the data can flow only in one direction, i.e., the
communication is unidirectional. In this mode, a sender can only send data but can not receive it.
Similarly, a receiver can only receive data but can not send it.
2. HALF-DUPLEX
• Half-Duplex is the data transmission mode in which the data can flow in both directions but in
one direction at a time. It is also referred to as Semi-Duplex. In other words, each station can both
transmit and receive the data but not at the same time. When one device is sending the other can only
receive and vice-versa.
3. FULL-DUPLEX
• Full-Duplex is the data transmission mode in which the data can flow in both directions at the same
time. It is bi-directional in nature. It is two-way communication in which both the stations can transmit
and receive the data simultaneously.
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
• Computer networking has become one of the most successful ways of sharing information, where all computers are wirelessly
linked together by a common network. Now, businesses and organizations heavily rely on it to get messages and information
across to essential channels.
• Here are its advantages:
 It enhances communication and availability of information.

 It allows for more convenient resource sharing.
 It makes file sharing easier.
 It is highly flexible.
 It is an inexpensive system.
 It increase cost efficiency.
• It boost the storage capacity.
CISCO PACKET TRACER
• Packet Tracer is a protocol simulator developed by Dennis Frezzo and his team at Cisco Systems.
Packet Tracer (PT) is a powerful and dynamic tool that displays the various protocols used in
networking, in either Real Time or Simulation mode. This includes layer 2 protocols such as Ethernet
and PPP, layer 3 protocols such as IP, ICMP, and ARP, and layer 4 protocols such as TCP and UDP.
Routing protocols can also be traced.
SOFTWARE ANALYSIS
CONFIGURATION OF
COMPONENTS
STIMULATION ANALYSIS
CONCLUSION
• This represent the stimulation result that will be partially implemented with the hardware setup. In this,
we executed a networking by propelled the Cisco Packet Tracer. This project actually gives the
overview that how networking can be done in colleges. The network administrator can monitor, allow,
and limit access to the network. This makes easy to share large files with other users on the network.
REFRENCES
• www.wikipidea.com
• www.ciscopackettracer.com
• www.ccna.com

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NETWORKING

SUBMITTED TO: ER. ANSHIKA SALARIA SUBMITTED BY:

• A network is a collection of computers, servers, mainframes, network

 Local Area Network(LAN)

 Wide Area Network(WAN)

• Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)

• A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a relatively small

• Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect networks in larger geographic areas,

• A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic area by

• A network model is a database model that is designed as a flexible approach

• An IP address is a unique address that identifies a device on the internet or a

• It is a current version and the most commonly used IP address. It is a 32-bit

• All IPv6 addresses are 128-bit hexadecimal addresses, written in 8 separate

• A switch is a device that is used to segment networks into different sub-

• A bridge is a network device that establishes an intelligent connection

• Here are its advantages:

 It enhances communication and availability of information.

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