CLOUD

COMPUTING
Chapter 3
Acknowledgement
Author: Roger McHaney
Book: Cloud Technologies: An Overview of Cloud Computing Technologies for Managers
Publisher: Wiley
Material Title: Chapter 3 Slides

Copyright Notice
This edition first published 2021
© 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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The right of Roger McHaney to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
What is Virtualization?
■ Technique used to enable users to share physical instances of a
technology resource
■ Virtualization creates a logical (or virtual) version of a resource, such
as a storage device, server, computing desktop, operating system, or
network resources that can be accessed by users transparently
Hardware
Virtualization
Virtualization
techniques used to
create multiple
virtual machines on
an existing, physical
computing platform
is called hardware
virtualization
Hypervisor
■ Software, known as virtual machine manager (VMM) or hypervisor,
installs on physical machine and creates virtual machines.
■ Virtual machines are controlled and monitored by the hypervisor.
■ Utilization of the physical hardware (e.g. processor, memory, and
other hardware resources) is tracked
■ Provisioned instances of virtual machines can be loaded with various
operating systems and software applications tailored to user needs
Bare Metal
Virtualization
Hypervisor installed as
operating system
directly on computing
hardware
Hosted
Virtualization
Hypervisor installed as
a component of
existing operating
system on host
Integrated Hypervisors
■ Implemented through processor command set extensions
■ Developed by chip manufacturers to enhance speed performance in
microchips used as servers
■ Example extensions include Intel Virtualization Technology (Intel-VT),
AMD Virtualization (AMD-V), and VIA virtualization (VIA VT)
■ Most modern microchips include virtualization extensions
Virtualization disabled in older computer’s BIOS
Full Virtualization
■ Emulates the full set of
hardware needed to run a VM
a hosted environment
■ Runs on top of a guest OS
■ Guest OS runs on hypervisor
which runs on host’s
operating system and
hardware platform
■ Meant to be indistinguishable
from hardware platform
implementation to user
Paravirtualization
■Requires guest operating systems
to be modified to work on the
virtual machines running host.
■Hardware is not exactly emulated
■Modifies guest machines’
operating systems and replaces the
existing code with instructions to
enable calls to the VMM’s APIs.
■Calls between guest OSs and the
hypervisor are hypercalls.
Hardware-assisted Virtualization
■Uses the host computer's existing hardware to build a VM
■First used 1970’s by IBM with its System/370 mainframes
■Hardware-based solution to speed things up
■Original hardware-assisted virtualization techniques obsolete
■Influenced development of today’s microprocessors and their extended command sets that provide
virtualization options
Graphics Virtualization Technology
■ Intel GVT-d, GVT-g and GVT-s
■ Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
■ Hardware virtualization revolutionized video game speeds
■ Made it possible for video related processing to be moved off
main CPU
Example Hardware Virtualization Products
■ VMware ESXi: VMware’s leading hardware virtualization
product. Installed on host computer and assumes complete
control over the machine’s hardware resources.
■ Microsoft Hyper-V: Takes advantage of Microsoft’s knowledge
of Windows operating systems using x86 architecture
microchips. Creates partitions and isolates VMs. Operates in
parent and child configuration. Parent partitions have direct
access to all system hardware. Parent creates a child using a
hypercall API.
■ Xen: Developed as open source product as part of the Linux
kernel.
VMWare
ESXi
evaluation
version
screenshot
Hardware Virtualization Benefits
■ Independence of VM instances
■ Enhances resource management and improve hardware utilization
■ Particularly true in cloud environments
■ Rather than buy multiple servers, an organization can host and manage
multiple instances on one piece of hardware.
■ Key component of IaaS
Operating System Virtualization

■Describes technique where VM software installed on host computer’s operating

system in contrast to bare-metal virtualization
■Example: Virtual DOS machine (VDM), allows a virtual 16-bit/32-bit version of
DOS to run software using another host Windows-based platform
■Permits variety of virtual operating systems to share virtualized hardware resources
DOSBox running on a host computer with a Windows operating system
Operating-System-Level-Virtualization
(e.g. Containerization)
■Uses host operating system feature where the kernel permits creation of
isolated, user-space instances called containers.
■Provides space for applications
■Applications do not experience differences from running solo on a physical
machine
■Applications have access to all resources permitted by container
■Kernel controls all allocations.
Containerization Differs from Virtual Machine Deployment
Example Containerization Software

■Docker: Widely used to test web servers and web applications. Docker implements a container that runs a web server and
application. A second container runs a database server used by the application.

■Linux Containers (LXC): System container that occupies space between VMs and application containers. A system container
can run an OS but does not emulate the underlying hardware specific to an OS.

■Hyper-V and Windows Server containers: Microsoft containers use a small footprint VM to provide application isolation,
making it like LXC’s system container approach. Application isolation in Windows Server containers uses namespaces,
resource control and other tools provided by the server software.

■Kubernetes: Although not technically containerization software, it organizes containers into pods located on nodes. Used for
many container functions and to help automate, deploy, scale, maintain, and operate application containers. Kubernetes is
considered an orchestration tool.
Containers versus VMs
 Containers take less memory than equivalent VM.
 VMs emulate a hardware system so multiple OSs can run in independent environments
on same physical machine.
 Containers share the hosts’ OSs.
 VMs take more time to run and create but have added flexibility of permitting multiple
OSs from various vendors.
 VMs can run multiple versions of OSs, including older ones.
 Web application may be used on a variety of client machines on various browsers being
run on various OSs. In this case, a VM makes more sense.
 If a homogenous environment used for an in-house software project, containers are
better.
Pros and Cons of Containers
Containers work well with Microservices
Containers as a Service (CaaS)
Cloud-based service model where containers and related
applications can be uploaded, organized, and managed to
facilitate use of this technology.
Storage Virtualization
• Form of hardware virtualization
• Implemented using combination of specialty hardware (appliances) and software
applications
• Goals are to:
• (1) enable and enhance storage management in environments where not all
hardware is the same (e.g. heterogeneous)
• (2) provide managed system for equipment replacement and downtime reductions
• (3) offer better storage utilization
Separation of Physical Storage from User
Direct Attached Storage (DAS)
Storage devices directly attached to one computer
Not meant to be networked
Used exclusively by one computer
Does not make good cloud storage
Storage Area Network (SAN)
Enable users to share storage arrays in flexible and scalable ways
Ensure data redundancy
Share storage among application servers
Enhance performance
Require specialized staff members due to their complexity
Network Attached Storage (NAS)
Uses dedicated piece of hardware, called an appliance, to add commonly accessible storage to a
network.
NAS appliance can help manage file requests, provide additional security, and offer methods for
configuring and overseeing a shared storage system
SAN Virtualization

■Applied at various levels within a SAN and to different storage functions (e.g.
physical storage, RAID groupings, logical units and so forth).
■Can be broken into four layers:
1. Physical storage devices
2. Block aggregation layer
3. File/record layer
4. Application layer
NAS Virtualization

■ Like creation of a private cloud for storage

■ Software products exist to enable an existing NAS device to abstract stored files from
their physical location to an online virtual location
■ Offers same benefits as a private cloud
– no third party is involved
– data remains private on the organization’s own storage devices behind a firewall
– virtualized NAS devices can be attached through virtual private networks (VPNs)
for added security
File versus Block Level Virtualization
■SANs (and DAS) use block-level virtualization and NAS systems use file level storage.
■Block Level
– Block-level storage virtualization adds a logical layer to the SAN which can be thought to sit on top of the
storage arrays
– Servers using the SAN are directed to virtualized logical unit numbers (LUNs)
– Virtualization at this level causes separate physical devices to be logically ‘regrouped’ using LUNs
■File Level
– Usually done with NAS devices, virtualizes link between the files and physical storage location
– Logical drives, composed of various physical storage areas, seen by the users
– Physical locations remained masked
– Enables location independence
– Enhance users’ capability to move and access files
Chapter 3 Summary

■Virtualization is a primary characteristic of cloud computing

■Hardware virtualization, operating system virtualization, operating-system-level
virtualization (containerization), and storage virtualization all examples of
approaches to add a logical layer that redefines, regroups, and consolidates resources
in ways that add to efficiency, management capabilities, and expands usage
possibilities
■Virtualization ensures resources are shared more effectively