Chapter 4

PHP Fundamentals

CSE@ASTU 1
Outline
• Overview of PHP
• Fundamentals of programming in PHP
• Introduction to OOP in PHP
• On the lab session

How to start working with PHP

Installation: XAMP/WAMP, Editor

Writing first PHP program


CSE@ASTU 2
 PHP overview

• PHP is a recursive acronym which stands for ‘Hypertext Pre-processor

– Open source server side scripting language designed specifically for the web
– Server side scripting - Used to generate dynamic web pages
– Interpreted language, scripts are parsed at run time
– Embedded directly in to HTML
– Supports a wide-range of databases (20+ODBC)
– support for talking to other services using protocols

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 Why we learn PHP?

• Easy to learn, setup, host

• Multipurpose

Can be used to develop simple to complex website, CRM portal, E-commerce,
Image/video/audio/ processing, wide range DB support,
• High demand on job market
• PHP CMS’s support

Word press (CMS), Magneto(E-commerce), Drupal (CMS+E-commerce)
• PHP frameworks, Laravel, Symphony, CodeIgniter, yii

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 Overview ….

• Structurally similar to c/c++

• Supports procedural and object oriented paradigm
• Each PHP script must be enclosed in the reserved PHP tag

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 variables

• Declared as $var_name = value;

– names must be preceded by $ sign
– Are case sensitive

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 Constants

• Used to define values that cant change while the script is running,
such as configuration settings
• defined using defin() function which accepts two arguments
– the name of the constant and its value

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 Data types

• PHP supports total eight primitive data types:

– Integer $a = 123
– Floating point $a = 1.23
– String $a = 'Hello world!';
– Booleans $show_error = true;
– Array $colors = array("Red", "Green", "Blue");
– Object $message = new greeting;
– resource $link = mysql_connect("localhost", "root", "");
– NULL $a = NULL;
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Conditional ….

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Conditional statements

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 PHP Array

• Indexed array — An array with a numeric key.

• Associative array — An array where each key has its own specific value.
• Multidimensional array — An array containing one or more arrays within itself.

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 Loops

• while, do…while, for, foreach

2019 / 2011 EC 12
 Functions

Reading assignment:
- callback functions, anonymous functions, arrow functions

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 Class and objects

• Classes and objects are the two main aspects of object-oriented

programming
• A class is a self-contained, independent collection of variables and functions
which work together to perform one or more specific tasks,
– while objects are individual instances of a class.
• A class is a template or blueprint from which individual objects can be
created

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 Class

Abebe Hadra

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 class

• A class can be declared using the class keyword, followed by the name of
the class and a pair of curly braces ({})
• Once a class has been defined, objects can be created from the class with
the new keyword.
• Class methods and properties can directly be accessed through pseudo-
variable $this object instance.
• The arrow symbol (->) is an OOP construct that is used to access contained
properties and methods of a given object
2019 / 2011 EC 16
 Defining a class, properties and methods
<?php
//Rectangle.php
class Rectangle
{
// Declare properties
public $length = 0;
public $width = 0;

// Method to get the perimeter

public function getPerimeter(){
return (2 * ($this->length + $this->width));
}

// Method to get the area

public function getArea(){
return ($this->length * $this->width);
}
}
?>
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 Extending classes through inheritance

• Classes can inherit the properties and methods of another

class using the extends keyword.
• Sub-classes inherit the methods and properties of the super
class
– Sub-classes can also override their definitions

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<?php class Customer extends User {
var $city;
class User { var $state; // or province
var $country;
var $is_admin = false;
function location() {
return $this->city . ", " . $this->state . ", " . $this->country;
var $first_name;
}
var $last_name;
var $username; }

function full_name() { class AdminUser extends User {

return $this->first_name . " " . $this->last_name; var $is_admin = true;
}
} function full_name() {
return $this->first_name . " " . $this->last_name . " (Admin)";
}
}
CSE@ASTU 19
Inheritance

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 Visibility modifiers

• Use to control access to properties and methods

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 Magic methods

• Methods that are called in some circumstances , eg.

 __construct() - executed automatically whenever a new
object is created
 __destruct() - executed automatically when the object is
destroyed
• Must be marked public

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Static ….

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 Static properties and methods

• Behaviors related to the class generally

• Not tied to a particular instance
• Accessible directly from the class with out any instance
– accessible without needing an instantiation of the class
• Defined using the keyword static
• Static properties and methods can be accessed using the scope
resolution operator (::), like
– ClassName::$property and
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 Static….

• Static properties and methods are

inherited

• The keyword self in the example means

"the current class".
• It is never preceded by a dollar sign ($)
and
• always followed by the :: operator (e.g.
self::$name).

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 Inherited static ….

• Static properties and methods are inherited

• Visibility modifiers function in the same way
• Inherited static properties are shared variables
• Changes to the parent values changes the subclass values
• Changes to a subclass value change the parent value
•

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Static….

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 Class constants

• used for class values that do not change

• Values may contain expression
• Defined by using the keyword const
• Support for visibility modifier since PHP 7.1
• Referenced with
– ClassName::constantName of self:: constantName

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Contants….

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Setter and getter methods

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Setter & getter..

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 Setter & getter…

• Allow access to private properties

– Through public methods
• Useful to regulate access
• Useful for read-only and write-only properties
• Useful for pre-processing values
• Avoid “naïve setter” and “naïve getter” methods
– Like the example in the previous slide

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33
 Next session Topics

• Forms
• Session and cookies
• Files basics
• Database
 CRUD

2019 / 2011 EC 34
 Reading Assignment

• PHP strings
• Operators
• Late static binding
• Super global
• Autoloading

2019 / 2011 EC 35