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Water - PH and Buffer

The document discusses several key concepts regarding water, pH, and buffers: 1) Water has unusual properties like a high boiling point due to hydrogen bonding between molecules. This allows it to serve as a solvent for biological molecules. 2) The pH scale quantifies the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution, with values below 7 being acidic and above 7 being basic. 3) Buffers resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added by using the equilibrium between a weak acid/base and its conjugate. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation relates the pH, pKa, and ratio of conjugate species in a buffer.

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49 views

Water - PH and Buffer

The document discusses several key concepts regarding water, pH, and buffers: 1) Water has unusual properties like a high boiling point due to hydrogen bonding between molecules. This allows it to serve as a solvent for biological molecules. 2) The pH scale quantifies the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution, with values below 7 being acidic and above 7 being basic. 3) Buffers resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added by using the equilibrium between a weak acid/base and its conjugate. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation relates the pH, pKa, and ratio of conjugate species in a buffer.

Uploaded by

Kari Apoorva
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BTY 268

Water, pH and Buffer


WATER

 Most abundant substance in living systems (making up


>70% of the weight of the organism)

 First living organism arose on aqueous environment

 Course of evolution has been shaped by properties of the


aqueous medium in which life began
PROPERTIES OF WATER

 Water has some unusual properties


Higher melting point
Higher boiling point
Higher heat of vaporization

 These properties are the consequences of attractions between


adjacent water molecules that give liquid water great internal
cohesion (hydrogen bonds).
Water
• A water molecule (H2O), is
made up of three atoms ---
one oxygen and two hydrogen.

O
H
WATER IS POLAR
 In each water molecule, the oxygen
atom attracts more than its "fair
share" of electrons
 The oxygen end “acts” negative
 The hydrogen end “acts” positive
 Causes the water to be POLAR
• Unequal electron sharing creates two electric
dipoles in the water molecule, one along each
OH bond.

• Hydrogen bears a partial positive charge and


the oxygen atom bears a partial negative
charge
Hydrogen Bonds Exist Between
Water Molecules
• Due to this, there is a
elctrostatic attraction
between the oxygen atom
of one water molecule
and hydrogen of another
called as hydrogen bond.

• One H2O molecule can


associate with 4 other
H20 molecules
• Polar biomolecules dissolve readily in water because
they can replace water-water interactions with more
energetically favorable water-solute interactions.
• In contrast, nonpolar biomolecules interfere with
water-water interactions but are unable to form
water-solute interactions
• Consequently, nonpolar molecules are poorly soluble
in water. In aqueous solutions, nonpolar molecules
tend to cluster together.
Hydrogen bonds are not unique to water.

They readily form between an electronegative atom usually


oxygen or nitrogen and a hydrogen atom covalently bonded
to another electronegative atom.
Biological
Hydrogen Bonds

H-bonds b/w A & T and G & C


in DNA
Hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to carbon atoms do not
participate in hydrogen bonding.

Carbon is only slightly more electronegative than hydrogen and


thus the C- H bond is only very weakly polar.
Water is a polar solvent

It readily dissolves most biomolecules, which are generally charged


or polar compounds.

Compounds that dissolve easily in water are hydrophilic

hydrophobic—non-polar molecules such as lipids and waxes and


don’t dissolve in water
Water dissolves salts such as NaCl by hydrating and stabilizing
the Na+ and Cl- ions, weakening the electrostatic interactions
between them

Water readily dissolves such compounds by replacing solutes


solute bonds with solute-water hydrogen bonds
Ionization of water
One water molecule naturally dissociates
into a Hydrogen Ion (H+) and a
Hydroxide Ion (OH-)

-
H2 O  H +
+ OH
Hydrogen Ion Hydroxide Ion
Acid Base
pH
It is the negative log of the hydrogen
ion concentration

Pure water has [H+]=10-7 and thus


pH=7
 pH is a unit of measure which describes
the degree of acidity or alkalinity (basic)
of a solution.

 It is measured on a scale of 0 to 14.

 Low pH values correspond to high


concentrations of H+ and high pH values
correspond to low concentrations of H+.
ph scale

The pH scale corresponds to the concentration of


hydrogen ions.
For example pure water H+ ion concentration is
1 x 10-7 M, therefore the pH would then be 7.
Ph value
 The pH value of a substance is directly related to the
ratio of the hydrogen ion and hydroxyl ion
concentrations.

 If the H+ concentration is higher than OH- the solution


is acidic.

 If the OH- concentration is higher than H+ the solution


is basic.

 7 is neutral, < is acidic, >7 is basic


Bases
• Strong
Bases have
a pH of 11
to 14
• Contain
lots of OH-
ions and
fewer H+
ions
Acids
• Strong
Acids
have a pH
of 1-3
• Produce
lots of
H+ ions
MEASUREMENT OF
PH
SOME IMPORTANT INDICATORS USED IN A
CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LABORATORY
ARE LISTED BELOW:
sr,. INDICATOR Ph range Colour in Colour in
No. acidic pH basic pH
1 Phenophthalein 9.3-10.5 colourless pink

2 Litmus 4.5-8.3 red Blue


PH METER
 The pH meter is a laboratory equipment which used to measure
acidity or alkalinity of a solution

 The pH meter measures the concentration of hydrogen ions [H+]


using an ion-sensitive electrode.

 It is the most reliable and convenient method for measuring ph.


BUFFER
A buffer solution is a solution which resists
changes in pH when a small amount of acid or
base is added.

Typically a mixture of a weak acid and a salt of


its conjugate base or weak base and a salt of its
conjugate acid.
Types of buffers
Two types :
ACIDIC BUFFERS –
Solution of a mixture of a weak acid and a salt of this weak
acid with a strong base.
E.g. CH3COOH + CH3COONa
( weak acid ) ( Salt )

 BASIC BUFFERS –
Solution of a mixture of a weak base and a salt of this weak
base with a strong acid.
e.g. NH4OH + NH4Cl
( Weak base) ( Salt)
how buffers work
 Equilibrium between acid and base.

 Example: ACETATE BUFFER


– CH3COOH  CH3COO- + H+

 If more H+ is added to this solution, it simply shifts the


equilibrium to the left, absorbing H+, so the [H+] remains
unchanged.

 If H+ is removed (e.g. by adding OH-) then the equilibrium shifts


to the right, releasing H+ to keep the pH constant
•Handerson hasselbalch
equation
Henderson wrote an equation, in 1908, describing the use
of carbonic acid as a buffer solution. 

 Karl Albert Hasselbalch later re-expressed that formula


in logarithmic terms, resulting in the Henderson–Hasselbalch
equation.
The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation derivation

HA H + + A- [H+] [A-]
Ka =
Ka is the dissociation constant
[HA]

[H+] = Ka [HA]/[A-]

-log [H+] = -log Ka - [HA]


take the -log on both sides
[A-]

and finally solve for pH…

pH = pKa + log [A-


] [Proton acceptor]
= pKa + log
[HA] [Proton donor]
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation allows us to find to

1)Calculate pKa, given pH and molar ratio of conjugate base and acid

2)Calculate pH, given pKa and molar ratio of conjugate base and acid

3)Calculate the molar ratio of conjugate base and acid, given pH and pKa

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