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    Joints NIHS

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    Joints connect bones and allow movement. There are three types of joints: synarthroses which are immovable, cartilaginous joints which allow some movement, and synovial joints which allow free movement. Synovial joints contain synovial fluid within a joint cavity lined by a capsule. They are classified by the number of bones involved, axis of movement, and shape of articulating surfaces. Common synovial joints include hinge joints like the knee, ball and socket joints like the shoulder, and plane joints. Disorders can affect joints like dislocations, arthritis, and subluxations.

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    Joints NIHS

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    Joints connect bones and allow movement. There are three types of joints: synarthroses which are immovable, cartilaginous joints which allow some movement, and synovial joints which allow free movement. Synovial joints contain synovial fluid within a joint cavity lined by a capsule. They are classified by the number of bones involved, axis of movement, and shape of articulating surfaces. Common synovial joints include hinge joints like the knee, ball and socket joints like the shoulder, and plane joints. Disorders can affect joints like dislocations, arthritis, and subluxations.

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    Joints connect bones and allow movement. There are three types of joints: synarthroses which are immovable, cartilaginous joints which allow some movement, and synovial joints which allow free movement. Synovial joints contain synovial fluid within a joint cavity lined by a capsule. They are classified by the number of bones involved, axis of movement, and shape of articulating surfaces. Common synovial joints include hinge joints like the knee, ball and socket joints like the shoulder, and plane joints. Disorders can affect joints like dislocations, arthritis, and subluxations.

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    22 views22 pages

    Joints NIHS

    Uploaded by

    online video
    Joints connect bones and allow movement. There are three types of joints: synarthroses which are immovable, cartilaginous joints which allow some movement, and synovial joints which allow free movement. Synovial joints contain synovial fluid within a joint cavity lined by a capsule. They are classified by the number of bones involved, axis of movement, and shape of articulating surfaces. Common synovial joints include hinge joints like the knee, ball and socket joints like the shoulder, and plane joints. Disorders can affect joints like dislocations, arthritis, and subluxations.

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    Joints

    Dr. Muna Kadel


    Associate Professor
    NAIHS
    Joint
    • Defn – Joint or articulation is the
    connection between two or more bones
    • Classification on the basis of
    function:
    A) synarthroses - solid joint without any
    cavity
    • i) Fibrous joints – no movement is
    permissible
    • ii)Cartilaginous joint – restricted
    movements may take place
    B) Diarthroses- form synovial joints &
    posses joint cavity filled with synovial
    fluid, provides free movements
    Fibrous joints

    • Bones are united by


    fibrous tissue
    3 types :
    i) sutures –
    • occur only in the skull
    • adjacent bones are
    linked by a thin layer of
    connective tissue
    termed as sutural
    ligament;
    ii)Syndesmoses
    • Surfaces of
    the bones are
    united by
    interosseous
    ligament
    Contd..

    iii) gomphosis-
    • occur between the teeth
    and adjacent bone
    • short collagen tissue fibers
    in the periodontal
    ligament run between the
    root of the tooth and the
    bony socket
    Cartilaginous joints
    • Classified into:
     synchondroses (primary cartilaginous joints) -
    occur where two ossification centers in a
    developing bone remain separated by a layer of
    hyaline cartilage
     Temporary in nature and replace completely by
    bone( synostosis)
    Contd..
    • E.g. the growth plate that occurs between the
    head and shaft of developing long bones-
    these joints allow bone growth and eventually
    become completely ossified ( synostosis)
    Contd..
     symphyses (secondary cartilaginous joints) –
    • presence of disc of fibrocartilage between the
    articular hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of two
    bone
    • most of these types of joints occur in the midline
    • E.g. pubic symphysis, manubriosternalis,
    intervertebral discs between adjacent vertebrae
    Synovial joints
    • Permits free
    movement
    Characteristics of
    synovial joints:
    • Articular surfaces
    of the bones are
    covered with
    hyaline cartilage
    ( fibrocartilage)
    • Between the
    articular surface,
    there is joint
    cavity which is
    filled with synovial
    fluid
    • Joint cavity is
    enveloped by
    articular capsule
    which consists of
    outer fibrous
    capsule and inner
    synovial
    membrane
    Contd..
    • Sometimes joint cavity is divided completely or
    partially by articular disc or meniscus which is
    composed of fibrocartilage
    Synovial fluid

    • Viscous & glairy fluid which fills up


    the joint cavity
    • Dialysate of blood plasma into
    which hyaluronic acid is added from
    synovial membrane
    Functions :
    • Maintains nutrition of the articular
    cartilage
    • Provides lubrication of the joint
    cavity to prevent wear & tear
    • Bursa-
    • Sac like structure lined by synovial
    membrane & filled with synovial
    fluid
    Contd..
    Blood supply-
    • Epiphyseal vessels
    Nerve supply –
    • Articular capsule &
    ligament posses rich nerve
    supply
    • Hilton’s law- the nerves
    which supply a joint, also
    furnishes branches to the
    group of muscles regulating
    the movements of the joint
    & skin over the joint
    Classification of synovial Joints
    According to number of articulating bones:
    • Simple joint- only two bones articulate. E.g interphalangeal joints
    • Compound joint – more than two articular bones are involved
    sharing a common articular capsule. E.g. ankle joint, wrist joint,
    elbow joint
    • Complex joint – joint is divided into two compartments by a
    articular disc or meniscus
    • E.g knee joint, sternoclavicular joint
    According to the axis of movements & shape of
    articular surfaces
    A. Plane synovial joint –
    • Articular surfaces are more or less flat
    • Permits gliding movements
    • E.g. intercarpal & intertarsal joints & joints between articular
    processes of vertebrae
    Uniaxial joint

    a ) Hinge (Ginglymus)
    • Moves around a transverse axis
    • One articular surface is convex like a cylinder
    & the other surface is reciprocally curved
    • e.g. Interphalangeal joints, elbow & ankle
    joint
    Contd..
    b) Pivot (Trochoid )joints
    • have an osseous pivot in an osteoligamentous
    ring
    • allows rotation only around the vertical axis of
    the pivot
    • E.g. atlanto-axial joint, radio-ulnar joint
    Contd..
    c) Bicondylar joints
    • moves mainly on transverse
    axis
    • They also display limited
    rotation about a second axis
    orthogonal to the first.
    • Consists of two convex
    condyles (knuckles) which
    articulate with concave or
    flat surfaces
    • e.g. knee joint &
    temporomandibular joint.
    a) Ellipsoid joint -
    Bi-axial joints
    • consist of an oval, convex surface apposed to an elliptical concavity
    • Movements take around transverse & antero- posterior axes
    • Produces flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, & circumduction
    • Rotation around vertical axis doesn’t take place
    • e.g. radiocarpal, atlanto-occipital and metacarpophalangeal joints.
    Contd..
    b) Saddle joint :
    • Opposing articular surfaces
    are concavo-convex in
    reciprocal manner
    • Permit movements similar to
    ellipsoid joint +rotation also
    occurs
    • E.g. first carpo- metacrpal
    joint , calceno-cuboid joint &
    sternoclavicular joint
    Multi- axial joint

    Ball & socket joint( spheroidal


    joint)-
    • Articular surface include a globular
    head fitting into a cup- shaped
    socket
    • Flexion, extension, abduction,
    adduction & rotation movements
    occur quite freely
    • E.g. shoulder joint, hip joint, talo-
    calcaneonavicular joint
    Applied aspect
    • Dislocation – end of the one
    bone gets out of the socket
    • Subluxation – end of one
    bone partially leaves its
    socket
    • Rheumatoid arthritis- is the
    inflammatory condition
    involving synovial
    membranes of the small
    joints of the hand
    • Osteoarthritis –
    degenerative condition of
    the large weight bearing
    joints
    •

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