Heat & Energy

Heat and Energy
• Summer Term 2004

• Weeks 1-6
Heat & Energy Course Info
• Lecturer: Richard Rijnbeek
• Office: Pev 2 4A11; Lab: Pev 1 2D9
• E-mail: R.P.Rijnbeek@sussex.ac.uk
• Lectures & Exercise Classes
Location: ENGG 1 AS2
Times: Mo 10:00-10:50 (W1-2,3-6); Tue 09:00-
09:50 (W1-6); Thu 10:00-10:50 (W1-6)
• Revision Class: Tue 10:00-10:50 (Week 7)
• Exam: June 2004
Heat & Energy Course Info
• Syllabus/Major Topics Part I:
– Temperature: temperature scales;
thermometers; thermodynamic temperature and
absolute zero; ranges of temperatures; Zeroth
Law of Thermodynamics.
– Thermal Expansion: linear and volumetric
expansion; solids and liquids; water.
– Gas Laws: Boyle’s Law, Charles’s Law and
Gay-Lussac’s Law; equation of state and the
ideal gas law.
– Kinetic Theory of Gases: basic postulates;
microscopic definition of temperature.
Overview
speed of
molecules microscopic
description
gas diffusion
temperature
basic
molecular postulates
interpretation
pressure Kinetic Theory
Temperature, Heat
equation of & Internal Eneregy
state: ideal
gas law macrocopic
description
Charles' law
Gas Laws 1. Temperature and Celsius scale

Thermal Properties of
Matter
Gay-Lussac's Boyle's law

law
Fahrenheit
zeroth law of scale
thermodynamics
Thermometers &
Temperature Scales
range Kelvin scale

anomalous conversion
behaviour of
water
Thermal Expansion
linear
expansion
volume area
expansion expansion
PREVIEW
In this first part of the course we:
• define the concepts of heat, internal energy and temperature
• explore the nature of heat and the ways in which we measure
temperature using thermometers and temperature scales
• examine the thermal expansion of liquids and solids, and the
special properties of water
• discuss the (ideal) gas laws: the macroscopic description of a
gas, relating properties such as pressure and temperature
• discuss the kinetic theory of (ideal) gases: the microscopic
description of gases, which examines the random motion of
molecules
1.1 Temperature, Internal Energy and Heat
Objectives are to:
• define and distinguish between heat, internal energy and
temperature
• discuss everyday examples to illustrate these concepts
1.1 Temperature, Internal Energy and Heat
• What is temperature?
• What is heat?
• What is internal energy?
Temperature
Internal Energy
Concept Question 1
1.2 Thermometers and Temperature Scales
Objectives are to:
• define what a thermometer is
• describe the physical principles on which the use of a
thermometer is based
• state the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, and discuss its
physical implications with respect to thermometers
• explain how a temperature scale is constructed
• convert temperatures from one scale to another
• obtain a feel for the range of temperature values in
everyday life and throughout the Universe
1.2 Thermometers and Temperature Scales
• What is a thermometer?
• What are the physical principles on which a
thermometer is based?
• How do we calibrate thermometers?
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
If bodies A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with

a third body, C, then A and B will be in thermal equilibrium
with each other if placed in thermal contact.
Temperature Scales
Temperature Ranges
Temperature Ranges
1.3 Thermal Expansion of Liquids and Solids
Objectives are to:
• discuss everyday examples and consequences of the thermal
expansion of solids and liquids
• quantify the linear (1-dimensional) thermal expansion of solids, and
define the linear coefficient of thermal expansion
• quantify the area (2-dimensional) thermal expansion of solids, and
define the area coefficient of thermal expansion
• quantify the volume (3-dimensional) thermal expansion of solids, and
define the volume coefficient of thermal expansion
• derive relations between the different coefficients of thermal
expansion for solids
• quantify the volume (3-dimensional) thermal expansion of liquids, and
define the volume coefficient of thermal expansion
• describe the (anomalous) thermal expansion of water, and its practical
consequences for life on Earth
Applications of Thermal Expansion
Applications of Thermal Expansion
How do you open a jar lid?

Bimetallic Strip
Thermal Expansion Formulae
Thermal Expansion Coefficients
Concept Question 2
Concept Question 3
Water: an unusual liquid
Explanation for the Anomalous Behaviour of Water
Anomalous Expansion of Water
The Anomalous
Behaviour of Water
1.4 Gas Laws: Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas
Objectives are to:

• define the following: ideal gas; equation of state; mole;
Avogadro's number; molar mass; universal gas constant;
Boltzmann's constant; constant-volume gas thermometer
• state Boyle's law, Charles' law, and Gay-Lussac's law
• state the ideal gas law, summarising the above three laws
• state Avogadro's hypothesis
• explain how the behaviour of ideal gases allow the
construction of an accurate thermometer
• explain how the behaviour of ideal gases can be used to
determine absolute zero
Boyle’s Law
pV  constant (constant temperature)

Charles’ Law
V
 constant (constant pressure)
T
Gay-Lussac’s Law
p
 constant (constant volume)
T
Ideal Gas Law
The ideal gas law is a special form of an equation of state,
i.e., an equation relating the variables that characterize a gas
(pressure, volume, temperature, density, ….).
The ideal gas law is applicable to low-density gases.
pV
 constant (fixed mass of gas)
T
pV  nRT
pV  Nk BT
p   RT
Absolute Zero and the Kelvin Scale
The pressure-temperature relation leads to the design of a

constant-volume gas thermometer.
Extrapolation of measurements made using different gases
leads to the concept of absolute zero, when the pressure
(or volume) is zero.
1.4 Kinetic Theory:
Microscopic Description of an Ideal Gas
Objectives are to:

• state the basic assumptions underlying kinetic theory
• use kinetic theory to relate the microscopic behaviour of
gas particles and the macroscopic property called pressure
• use kinetic theory (i.e., apply the laws of mechanics to gas
molecules) to relate the microscopic behaviour of gas
particles (speeds, masses and number per unit volume) to
the macroscopic behaviour of an ideal gas (properties such
as pressure and temperature)
• derive an expression for the average speed of gas
molecules as a function of temperature
• define the mean free path, and relate it to the diffusion of a
gas
Kinetic Theory: Applications
Kinetic theory investigates (on a molecular scale) topics such as:

•Change of phase (evaporation; vapour pressure; latent heat)
•Pressure
•Change of shape and volume (elasticity; Hooke's law)
•Transport phenomena (diffusion - transport of mass; viscosity -
transport of momentum; electrical conduction - transport of electric
charge; thermal conduction - transport of heat)
•Thermal expansion
•Surface energy and surface tension
Kinetic Theory of Gases: Basic Assumptions
•The number of molecules is large, and the average separation
between them is large compared with their dimensions. This means that
the molecules occupy a negligible volume in the container.
•The molecules obey Newton's laws of motion, but as a whole they

move randomly. 'Randomly' means that any molecule can move equally in any direction.
•The molecules undergo elastic collisions with each other and with
the walls of the container. Thus, in the collisions both kinetic energy and momentum are
constant.
•The forces between molecules are negligible except during a

collision. The forces between a molecule are short-range, so the molecules interact with each
other only during a collision.
•The gas is a pure substance. All molecules are identical.

Kinetic Theory:
Molecular Interpretation of Pressure
(Boyle’s Law)
1 2
p  v
3
Kinetic Theory:
Molecular Interpretation of Temperature
2 1 2
T  mv 
3k B  2 
•Temperature is a direct measure of the average

molecular kinetic energy
•Theorem of equipartition of energy: In thermal
equilibrium, each degree of freedom contributes an
equal amount to the total energy
Kinetic Theory:
Deductions and Related Concepts
•Boyle’s law
•Kinetic interpretation of temperature
•Avogadro’s law
•Graham’s law of diffusion
•Dalton’s law of partial pressures
•Mean free path
•Distribution of molecular speeds

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Heat and Energy

• Summer Term 2004

Gas Laws 1. Temperature and Celsius scale

Gay-Lussac's Boyle's law

range Kelvin scale

If bodies A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with

How do you open a jar lid?

Objectives are to:

pV  constant (constant temperature)

The pressure-temperature relation leads to the design of a

Objectives are to:

Kinetic theory investigates (on a molecular scale) topics such as:

•The molecules obey Newton's laws of motion, but as a whole they

•The forces between molecules are negligible except during a

•The gas is a pure substance. All molecules are identical.

•Temperature is a direct measure of the average

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